Breeding Maltese

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Maltese dogs requires specialized knowledge of this ancient toy breed's unique reproductive challenges, from managing small litter sizes and singleton pregnancies to preserving the signature pure white silky coat. This comprehensive guide provides experienced breeders with breed-specific data on health testing, genetics, whelping protocols, and the economic realities of breeding one of the world's oldest companion dogs.

Breed Overview

The Maltese is an ancient breed with a storied past stretching back more than two millennia. Likely introduced to Malta by the Phoenicians who ruled the Mediterranean before the rise of Greece, the breed was already well-established by the 5th century. Roman noblewomen embraced the Maltese as a status symbol and fashion statement, making it arguably the world's first "fad dog" and a persistent motif in Roman art and culture. From the 1950s onward, the breed evolved into the solid white companion dog we know today.

Originally developed as a companion and lapdog for nobility and aristocracy, the Maltese has never deviated from its purpose. The breed was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1888, making it one of the earliest recognized toy breeds. Currently ranked #37 in AKC registrations, the Maltese has experienced a decreasing registration trend in recent years, though it remains a beloved choice for those seeking an elegant, portable companion. Among toy breeds, the Maltese shares its companion heritage with the Havanese and Shih Tzu, and faces similar reproductive challenges as other small breeds like the Yorkshire Terrier and Chihuahua.

The American Maltese Association (https://www.americanmaltese.org/) serves as the parent club, providing breed education, health initiatives, and breeder support. For serious Maltese breeders, membership in the AMA offers access to mentor programs, health research updates, and a network of experienced fanciers dedicated to preserving breed type and soundness.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

When selecting Maltese breeding stock, understanding the standard's priorities is essential. The Maltese is a toy dog covered from head to foot with a mantle of long, silky, white hair. The standard emphasizes a gentle-mannered and affectionate temperament, combined with eager, sprightly action and the vigor needed for a satisfactory companion despite diminutive size.

Size specifications: Both males and females should stand 7-9 inches at the shoulder and weigh 4-7 pounds. Unlike many breeds, there is no size dimorphism between sexes in the Maltese. Breeders should select for balanced proportions and adequate substance for the size - Maltese should not appear fragile or excessively refined.

Critical breeding priorities:

• Pure white silky coat texture: The hallmark of the breed. Coat must be silky, never woolly or cottony in texture. This is a phenotypic trait evaluated by touch and appearance, not a simple genetic test.
• Pigmentation: Dark eyes with black eye rims and black nose pigment are essential. Light eye rims or pink nose/eye rims are serious faults that can affect breeding quality.
• Head type: Proper head features a slightly rounded skull with a tapered (not snipy) muzzle. Round eyes are a serious fault; eyes should be dark and oval.
• Bite: Scissors or level bite preferred. Overshot or undershot bites are serious faults.
• Temperament: Fearless yet gentle. Shyness or nervous temperament should never be bred.
• Movement: Despite tiny size, Maltese should move with good reach and drive, showing soundness and vigor.

Disqualifications: Any color other than pure white (except light tan or lemon on ears, which is permissible but not desirable). Breeding stock with any significant color markings should be excluded from breeding programs.

Reproductive Profile

The Maltese presents unique reproductive challenges due to its toy size and genetic bottleneck. Understanding these breed-specific factors is critical for successful breeding programs.

Average litter size: 3.5 puppies, with a typical range of 2-6 puppies. This is among the smallest average litter sizes of all AKC breeds and significantly impacts breeding economics. The litter size distribution shows a peak at 3 puppies (30% of litters), with singleton puppies occurring in approximately 10% of all litters.

C-section rate: Approximately 25% of Maltese litters require cesarean section. While this is moderate for a toy breed (much lower than brachycephalic breeds like Bulldogs at 80%+), it reflects the breed's small pelvic size and tendency toward dystocia. Singleton pregnancies carry particularly high C-section risk, as a single puppy may grow oversized without littermate competition for uterine space.

Fertility challenges specific to Maltese:

• Small pelvic size: Increases dystocia risk even with average-sized litters
• Singleton pregnancies: Not uncommon (10% frequency), often resulting in oversized puppies requiring surgical delivery
• Irregular heat cycles: Some Maltese females experience inconsistent cycle lengths or silent heats, making breeding timing challenging

AI suitability: Natural breeding is preferred when possible, as the small size of both sexes generally allows successful mating. However, fresh AI is commonly used when natural breeding proves difficult due to size mismatch, inexperience, or timing concerns. Frozen AI is possible but requires an experienced reproductive veterinarian familiar with toy breed protocols, as the small reproductive tract makes catheter placement challenging.

Breeding Age and Timeline

The Maltese's toy size necessitates patience in breeding timelines. Rushing a breeding program with an immature Maltese can result in dystocia, puppy loss, or permanent damage to the dam.

First heat timing: Maltese females typically experience their first heat cycle between 6-12 months of age. However, the first heat should NEVER be bred. Toy breeds benefit from full skeletal and reproductive maturity before facing the stresses of pregnancy and lactation.

Recommended first breeding age:

• Females: 18-24 months (after the 2nd or 3rd heat cycle). This allows for completion of OFA testing at 12 months and ensures full physical maturity.
• Males: 18-24 months. While males can successfully sire litters younger, waiting ensures temperament stability and allows time for health clearances.

Health testing timeline: OFA patellar evaluation and cardiac exam can be performed at 12 months minimum. Schedule these tests at 12-15 months for females intended to be bred at 18-24 months, allowing time to receive certifications before breeding decisions are finalized.

Breeding frequency and retirement:

• Maximum recommended litters per female: 5 lifetime
• Minimum interval between litters: 12-18 months (allowing full recovery from the previous litter)
• Retirement age: 6-8 years, depending on the individual's health and litter history

Complete timeline from breeding decision to puppy placement:

1. Health testing at 12+ months
2. Breeding at 18-24 months
3. 63-day gestation
4. Whelping and neonatal care (birth through 8 weeks)
5. Extended socialization period (8-12 weeks)
6. Puppy placement at 10-12 weeks (many Maltese breeders prefer 12 weeks for toy breed safety)

Required Health Testing

The Maltese has one of the most streamlined CHIC requirements of any AKC breed, with only two mandatory tests. However, responsible breeders recognize that additional testing provides crucial screening for breed-specific conditions.

CHIC Required Tests (Canine Health Information Center):

1. Patella Evaluation (OFA):

• Screens for: Patellar luxation (kneecap dislocation), graded from normal to Grade IV
• Cost: $65
• Frequency: One-time (minimum age 12 months)
• Why critical for Maltese: Patellar luxation affects approximately 35% of Maltese, making it the most prevalent structural health condition in the breed. Breeding two affected dogs significantly increases offspring risk.

2. Cardiac Exam (OFA):

• Screens for: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) and other congenital heart defects
• Cost: $65
• Frequency: One-time (minimum age 12 months; performed by a board-certified veterinary cardiologist)
• Why critical for Maltese: PDA occurs in approximately 15% of Maltese and can be life-threatening if undetected. Breeding affected dogs perpetuates this serious condition.

Total CHIC required testing cost: $130 per dog (both tests are one-time evaluations)

Additional Recommended Tests:

While not required for CHIC certification, these tests screen for serious conditions prevalent in Maltese:

• Serum Bile Acids Test: $150 - Screens for portosystemic shunts and hepatic microvascular dysplasia. Liver shunts affect approximately 8% of Maltese and are often fatal without surgical intervention.
• Ophthalmologist Exam (OFA Eye Certification): $65 - Screens for progressive retinal atrophy and other inherited eye diseases. Recommended annually for breeding stock.
• DNA Test for White Shaker Syndrome: $75 - Screens for idiopathic cerebellar hypoplasia, a neurological condition affecting approximately 12% of white toy breeds.
• PRA DNA Test: $65 - Though rare in Maltese (approximately 3% prevalence), PRA causes blindness and is autosomal recessive.

Total estimated cost with all recommended tests: $485 per breeding dog

Testing through the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA.org) provides permanent public records and contributes to breed health databases. DNA tests are available through laboratories such as Embark, Paw Print Genetics, and UC Davis VGL. The American Maltese Association strongly recommends bile acid testing for all breeding stock due to the prevalence and severity of liver shunts in the breed.

Hereditary Health Conditions in Maltese

Understanding the Maltese's hereditary disease profile is essential for making informed breeding decisions. DNA tests are available for some conditions, while others require phenotypic screening and careful pedigree analysis.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA):

• Prevalence: Moderate (approximately 15% of Maltese)
• Inheritance: Polygenic/complex inheritance
• DNA test available: No
• Clinical signs: Heart murmur, exercise intolerance, coughing, stunted growth, congestive heart failure if untreated
• Age of onset: Congenital (present at birth), typically detected during first veterinary examination at 6-8 weeks
• Breeding impact: PDA is a serious, life-threatening condition. All breeding stock should receive cardiac clearance from a board-certified cardiologist. Do not breed affected dogs.

Patellar Luxation:

• Prevalence: Common (approximately 35% of Maltese show some degree of luxation)
• Inheritance: Polygenic/complex with congenital structural component
• DNA test available: No
• Clinical signs: Intermittent lameness, "skipping" gait, kneecap visibly slips out of the groove. Grade I-II may be mild and asymptomatic; Grade III-IV often require surgical correction.
• Age of onset: Variable, from puppyhood through adulthood
• Breeding impact: Do not breed Grade III or IV affected dogs. Exercise caution with Grade I-II, avoiding breeding two affected individuals together. OFA certification provides permanent record of status.

White Shaker Syndrome:

• Prevalence: Moderate in white toy breeds (approximately 12% of Maltese)
• Inheritance: Unknown; appears predominantly in white-coated small breeds
• DNA test available: Yes (though inheritance mode not fully understood)
• Clinical signs: Generalized tremors, lack of coordination, symptoms more pronounced when excited or stressed
• Age of onset: 6 months to 3 years
• Breeding impact: Test all breeding stock. The condition is manageable with medication but reduces quality of life. Avoid breeding affected individuals.

Portosystemic Shunt (Liver Shunt):

• Prevalence: Moderate (approximately 8% of Maltese)
• Inheritance: Congenital; some cases hereditary though exact mode unknown
• DNA test available: No
• Clinical signs: Poor growth, neurological signs after eating (hepatic encephalopathy), vomiting, seizures, behavioral changes
• Age of onset: Typically diagnosed before 1 year of age
• Breeding impact: Bile acid testing screens for shunts and hepatic microvascular dysplasia. Do not breed affected dogs. Carefully evaluate pedigrees with known shunt history.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA):

• Prevalence: Rare (approximately 3% of Maltese)
• Inheritance: Autosomal recessive
• DNA test available: Yes
• Clinical signs: Night blindness progressing to complete blindness, dilated pupils, reluctance to navigate in low light
• Age of onset: Variable depending on PRA type
• Breeding impact: Test breeding stock. Carrier-to-carrier breedings produce 25% affected offspring. Carrier-to-clear breedings are safe but produce 50% carrier offspring.

Color and Coat Genetics

The Maltese presents the simplest color genetics of any AKC breed: pure white is the only acceptable color. However, coat texture and quality are complex phenotypic traits that require careful selection.

Accepted colors: Pure white

Disqualifying colors: Any color other than white. Light tan or lemon shading on the ears is permissible under the standard but is not desirable and is penalized in the show ring. Breeding stock should be pure white with no color markings.

Relevant genetic loci:

• MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor): The primary gene responsible for the Maltese's white coat
• Possibly S locus (piebald/white spotting): Though Maltese are extreme white, making precise locus identification complex

Health-linked color considerations:

• White Shaker Syndrome is more common in white toy breeds, including Maltese. This is not a direct result of the white coat color genes, but rather a correlated trait seen predominantly in small white dogs. DNA testing is available and recommended for all breeding stock.

Coat texture genetics:

Unlike color, coat texture (silky vs. woolly/cottony) is not controlled by a single gene and cannot be predicted through DNA testing. This is a phenotypic selection trait that requires hands-on evaluation:

• Silky coat: Desired texture. Hair is straight, fine, and flows like silk. It should be glossy and smooth to the touch.
• Woolly or cottony coat: Fault. Hair is thicker, coarser, and may have a wavy or kinked texture. It lacks the flowing quality of proper coat.

Breeders must physically evaluate coat texture on all breeding candidates and in puppies by 8-10 weeks of age when adult coat texture begins to emerge. Breeding two dogs with correct silky coat does not guarantee all offspring will have proper texture, as this is a polygenic trait influenced by multiple genes.

Pigmentation genetics:

While the coat is white, pigmentation of the nose, eye rims, lips, and paw pads must be black. Loss of pigmentation (pink nose or eye rims) is a serious fault. Pigmentation can fade with age or sun exposure, but breeding stock should demonstrate strong, deep black pigment. Puppies are born with pigment that typically darkens and stabilizes by 8-12 weeks.

Breeding recommendations:

• Only breed pure white dogs with no tan or lemon markings
• Prioritize silky coat texture in both parents
• Select for deep black pigmentation
• Consider White Shaker Syndrome DNA testing given the correlation with white coats in toy breeds

Selecting Maltese Breeding Stock

Selecting superior Maltese breeding stock requires evaluation beyond show wins. Health, temperament, genetic diversity, and breed type must all be considered to produce puppies that represent the breed standard while maintaining vitality and soundness.

Conformation priorities for Maltese breeding stock:

1. Coat quality and color: The most heavily weighted trait in the standard. Coat must be pure white and silky (not woolly or cottony). By 6-8 months, coat texture is evident. Run your hands through the coat - it should flow like water, not feel thick or coarse.
2. Head type and expression: Correct head features a slightly rounded skull with a tapered (not snipy) muzzle, dark oval eyes, and black pigmentation. Avoid round eyes, light eyes, or insufficient pigment.
3. Temperament: Fearless, gentle, and eager. Avoid shy, nervous, or overly aggressive individuals. Temperament is highly heritable and poor temperament ruins the Maltese's purpose as a companion.
4. Pigmentation: Deep black nose, eye rims, lips, and paw pads. Fading pigment or pink areas are serious faults.
5. Size and proportions: 7-9 inches tall, 4-7 pounds. Must have substance for the size - not appearing fragile or overly refined. Balanced proportions throughout.
6. Movement: Smooth, flowing gait with good reach and drive despite tiny size. Avoid choppy, stilted movement or unsound structure.
7. Bite: Scissors or level bite. Overshot or undershot bites are serious faults and should exclude dogs from breeding programs.
8. Overall balance: All parts fit together harmoniously. The Maltese should present an elegant, balanced picture.

Common faults to select against:

• Snipy muzzle (narrow, pointed muzzle)
• Round or light-colored eyes
• Poor pigmentation (pink nose, light eye rims)
• Woolly or cottony coat texture
• Overshot or undershot bite
• Shyness or nervous temperament

Temperament evaluation:

Evaluate all breeding candidates for confident, outgoing temperament without shyness. Despite their small size, Maltese should be fearless. Test candidates with novel objects, unfamiliar people, and new environments. A Maltese that cowers, trembles excessively, or refuses to engage should not be bred, as temperament is highly heritable and poor temperament severely impacts the breed's purpose.

Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI) targets:

The Maltese breed faces genetic bottleneck concerns due to its small gene pool and popularity-driven breeding practices. Current breed average COI is approximately 5.5%, but responsible breeders should target under 3.0% to maintain genetic diversity and hybrid vigor. Use tools like the AKC's online COI calculator or specialized pedigree software to calculate COI for proposed breedings.

Avoid close linebreeding (parent-to-offspring, sibling-to-sibling) unless you have a compelling reason and deep pedigree knowledge. Outcrossing to less-related lines, even if it means sacrificing a few show points, supports long-term breed health.

Stud dog selection:

When selecting a stud dog, consider:

• Complements the bitch's strengths and weaknesses
• Excellent health testing results (OFA patella, cardiac, bile acids)
• Proven producer of correct coat texture
• Strong pigmentation
• Sound temperament
• Acceptable COI when paired with your bitch (under 3% target)

Stud fees: Typically range from $1,500-$3,000 for Maltese, depending on the stud's show record, health testing, and production record. Proven studs with Champion offspring and excellent health clearances command higher fees.

Show quality vs. breeding quality:

Not all show champions make good breeding stock, and not all excellent breeding dogs finish championships. Prioritize health, temperament, and genetic diversity alongside conformation. A dog with one minor conformation fault but excellent health, temperament, and outcross pedigree may be a better breeding choice than a champion with health concerns or high COI.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Whelping Maltese requires vigilance, preparation, and an understanding of toy breed-specific complications. The small size of both dam and puppies creates unique challenges that can mean the difference between life and loss.

Natural whelping vs. C-section:

Approximately 75% of Maltese litters are whelped naturally, but 25% require cesarean section. The method is breeder-dependent and situation-specific. Factors increasing C-section likelihood include:

• Singleton pregnancy: Single puppies often grow oversized without littermate competition for uterine space, causing dystocia.
• Small pelvic size: Even with average-sized puppies, the Maltese's tiny pelvis may not accommodate passage.
• Primary uterine inertia: Weak or absent contractions, more common in toy breeds.
• Maternal distress or exhaustion: Toy breeds can develop hypoglycemia during labor, requiring intervention.

Have a veterinary plan in place before breeding. Establish a relationship with a vet experienced in toy breed whelping and willing to perform emergency C-sections. Know their after-hours protocol and have a backup vet identified.

Breed-specific whelping complications:

• Small pelvic size increases dystocia risk: Even normal-sized puppies may not pass through the birth canal. Monitor closely for signs of distress: straining for over 2 hours without puppy delivery, green discharge before first puppy, or maternal weakness.
• Singleton pregnancies: Approximately 10% of Maltese litters are singletons. These puppies often grow larger than average (sometimes exceeding 1 pound at birth), creating high C-section risk. Ultrasound or x-ray at 45-50 days can identify singleton pregnancies and allow planning.
• Hypoglycemia risk in the dam: Toy breed dams can develop low blood sugar during labor. Offer small amounts of honey or corn syrup if the dam appears weak or trembling. Keep her energy up with small, frequent meals.
• Small size makes monitoring critical: A Maltese dam can fade quickly if complications arise. Do not leave a whelping Maltese unattended for extended periods.

Birth weights and neonatal targets:

• Average birth weight:
  • Males: 0.3-0.5 lbs (5-8 oz)
  • Females: 0.25-0.4 lbs (4-6 oz)

These tiny weights make Maltese puppies extremely fragile. Puppies under 4 oz are at high risk for fading puppy syndrome and require intensive monitoring and supplemental feeding.

Daily weight gain targets:

• First 2 weeks: 0.5-1 oz per day
• Weeks 3-8: 1-2 oz per day

Weigh puppies daily at the same time (ideally before first morning feeding). Any puppy that loses weight or fails to gain for two consecutive days requires intervention: check for nursing adequacy, consider supplemental feeding, rule out congenital defects or infection.

Fading puppy risk factors:

Maltese puppies are at elevated risk for fading puppy syndrome due to their tiny size. Warning signs include:

• Failure to gain weight or weight loss
• Constant crying or abnormal silence
• Cool to the touch (normal rectal temp for neonates is 96-99°F, rising to 100-101°F by week 2-3)
• Weakness, inability to nurse
• Separated from the dam and littermates

Maintain a warm whelping environment (85-90°F for the first week, gradually decreasing to 75°F by week 4). Use a heat lamp or heating pad with temperature regulation to prevent overheating or chilling.

Supplemental feeding:

Due to small litter size and tiny puppy size, supplemental feeding is sometimes necessary. Use a commercial puppy milk replacer (never cow's milk) and feed via bottle or tube feeding. Tube feeding is safer for tiny Maltese puppies as it prevents aspiration and ensures precise intake. Have supplies on hand before whelping:

• Puppy milk replacer (Esbilac or similar)
• Bottles or feeding tubes (size 5 French for Maltese)
• Gram scale for precise weighing

Dewclaw, tail, and ear practices:

The Maltese standard does not require or recommend dewclaw removal, tail docking, or ear cropping. Dewclaws are left natural, tails remain long and carried over the back, and ears are drop ears with long hair. No surgical alterations are performed on Maltese puppies.

Puppy Development Milestones

Understanding Maltese-specific puppy development allows breeders to optimize socialization, evaluate breeding potential, and prepare puppies for their new homes.

Growth curve:

Maltese puppies grow slowly compared to larger breeds, but their growth follows a predictable pattern. Males are only slightly larger than females.

• Birth: Males 0.4 lbs (6-7 oz), Females 0.3 lbs (5 oz)
• Week 4: Males 1.4 lbs, Females 1.2 lbs
• Week 8: Males 2.25 lbs, Females 2.0 lbs
• Week 12: Males 3.25 lbs, Females 2.9 lbs
• Adult (10-12 months): 4-7 lbs for both sexes

Puppies reach approximately 50% of adult weight by 12 weeks and achieve full adult size by 10-12 months.

Weekly milestones:

• Week 1-2 (Neonatal period): Eyes and ears closed. Entirely dependent on dam. Focus on warmth, weight gain, and nursing adequacy. Daily weight gain 0.5-1 oz.
• Week 3 (Transitional period): Eyes and ears open. Begin to stand and take first wobbly steps. Continue monitoring weight daily.
• Week 4-7 (Socialization period begins): Begin weaning at 4 weeks. Introduce puppy mush (softened puppy food). Start gentle handling by multiple people. Expose to household sounds, textures, and experiences. This is the critical socialization window.
• Week 5-6: Fully mobile, playing with littermates. Begin litter box or potty training. Coat texture begins to show - silky coats start to appear distinct from woolly coats.
• Week 7-8: Weaning completed. Eating solid food independently. Increased socialization - invite visitors, expose to car rides, crates, grooming tools. First vet check and initial vaccines.
• Week 8-10: Initial structural evaluation for show potential. By this age, breeders can assess head type, proportions, bite, movement, and coat texture. Fearless, outgoing temperament should be evident.
• Week 10-12: Extended socialization period. Many Maltese breeders hold puppies until 10-12 weeks to ensure they are fully independent, eating well, and socially confident. This is especially important for toy breeds.

Socialization window (3-14 weeks):

The critical socialization period for Maltese is 3-14 weeks. During this time, puppies are most receptive to new experiences and form lasting impressions. Breeders should:

• Handle puppies daily from birth
• Introduce varied textures (grass, tile, carpet, gravel)
• Expose to household sounds (vacuum, TV, doorbell, dishwasher)
• Allow interaction with gentle, vaccinated adult dogs
• Invite visitors of different ages, genders, and appearances
• Begin crate training and potty training
• Introduce grooming tools (brush, nail clippers, dryer)

Fear periods:

Maltese puppies typically experience a fear period around 8-10 weeks. During this time, puppies may suddenly become cautious or fearful of previously accepted stimuli. Avoid traumatic experiences during fear periods (rough handling, harsh corrections, overwhelming situations). Provide reassurance and positive experiences.

Weaning age: Begin weaning at 6 weeks; puppies should be fully weaned by 8 weeks.

Go-home age: While AKC allows puppies to go to new homes at 8 weeks, many experienced Maltese breeders prefer 10-12 weeks. The extended time allows:

• Full weaning and independent eating
• Additional socialization in a controlled environment
• Firmer structural evaluation
• Completion of initial vaccine series
• Increased confidence and resilience in tiny puppies

Toy breeds benefit from the extra time with dam and littermates, developing bite inhibition and canine social skills that serve them throughout life.

Structural evaluation timing:

• 8-10 weeks: Initial evaluation of head type, bite, coat texture, proportions, and temperament. Identify show potential vs. pet quality.
• 4-6 months: Final show potential assessment. By this age, permanent teeth are erupting, adult coat is emerging, and proportions stabilize. This is the best time to decide whether to keep a puppy for show/breeding or place as a companion.

Adult size achievement: Maltese reach full adult size (4-7 lbs) by 10-12 months. Growth plates close around 12 months, which is why OFA testing minimum age is 12 months.

Breeding Economics

Breeding Maltese is a labor of love, not a profit venture. The breed's small litter size creates economic challenges that require careful planning and honest financial assessment.

Complete cost breakdown for a typical Maltese litter:

Pre-breeding costs (one-time per dog):

• Health testing (Patella OFA, Cardiac OFA, recommended tests): $485 per dog

Per-litter costs:

• Stud fee (or AI costs if using shipped semen): $2,000
• Progesterone testing (3-4 tests to time ovulation): $600
• Prenatal veterinary care (ultrasound, x-ray, checkups): $400
• Whelping costs:
  • Natural whelping (vet on-call, supplies): $500
  • Planned or emergency C-section: $2,000
• Puppy veterinary costs (first exam, deworming, vaccines) @ $150 per puppy x 3.5 average litter: $525
• Food and supplies (dam's increased food during pregnancy/lactation, puppy food, whelping supplies): $400
• AKC registration and microchipping: $200

Total cost per litter:

• Natural whelping: ~$5,110 (excluding health testing which is one-time)
• C-section: ~$6,610

If you include the prorated health testing cost (assuming 5 lifetime litters), add approximately $97 per litter, bringing totals to:

• Natural whelping total: ~$5,207
• C-section total: ~$6,707

Revenue:

• Average puppy price (pet quality): $2,000
• Average puppy price (show quality): $3,500
• Average litter size: 3.5 puppies
• Typical litter composition: 2-3 pet quality, 0-1 show potential
• Average litter revenue: ~$7,000 (based on 3 pet-quality puppies at $2,000 each)

Economic reality:

• Natural whelping profit: $7,000 revenue - $5,207 cost = $1,793 profit
• C-section profit: $7,000 revenue - $6,707 cost = $293 profit

These figures assume an average litter of 3.5 puppies. However:

• 10% of litters are singletons: Revenue $2,000 vs. costs $5,207-$6,707 = $3,200-$4,700 LOSS
• 20% of litters are 2 puppies: Revenue $4,000 vs. costs $5,207-$6,707 = $1,200-$2,700 LOSS

Additional considerations not captured in these numbers:

• Show costs if campaigning the dam or sire
• Mentor or handling fees
• Puppy food after 8 weeks if holding to 12 weeks (additional $200-300)
• Marketing costs (website, photography, advertising)
• Lost income if you keep a show-quality puppy for your breeding program (opportunity cost of $3,500)
• Stud dog ownership costs (if not using outside stud)

Honest assessment:

Breeding Maltese is rarely profitable when all costs are accounted for. The breed's small litter size creates a precarious economic situation where a single complication (C-section, puppy loss, singleton pregnancy) can turn a modest profit into a significant loss. Breeders who campaign dogs in the show ring or maintain multiple breeding-age dogs often operate at a net loss.

Those who breed Maltese do so for love of the breed, the joy of producing sound puppies, and the preservation of type and temperament - not for financial gain. If profit is your primary motive, the Maltese is not the breed to choose.

Breeder Resources

Connecting with experienced Maltese mentors and the broader breeding community provides invaluable support, education, and accountability.

Parent club:

• American Maltese Association (AMA): https://www.americanmaltese.org/
  • Breed standard education and interpretation
  • Health and genetics initiatives
  • Breeder directory and mentor program
  • National specialty show and events

Regional breed clubs:

Many regions have local Maltese clubs offering specialty shows, education, and networking. Check the AMA website for a list of regional affiliates.

AKC breeder programs:

• AKC Breeder of Merit: Recognizes breeders who demonstrate a commitment to health testing, education, and breed preservation. Requirements include minimum health testing, AKC registration, and participation in AKC events.
• AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T. (Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, Tradition): A program that identifies responsible breeders who go above and beyond minimum standards.

Both programs increase your credibility with puppy buyers and demonstrate your commitment to responsible breeding.

Recommended books:

• "The Maltese" by Vicki Abbott: Comprehensive breed guide covering history, standard, grooming, and breeding.
• "The Complete Maltese" by Barbara Bergquist: In-depth reference for Maltese fanciers, covering all aspects of the breed.
• "Maltese: A Comprehensive Guide to Owning and Caring for Your Dog": Practical guide for owners and breeders.

Online communities:

• Spoiled Maltese Forums: Active community of Maltese owners and breeders sharing advice, health information, and support.
• American Maltese Association Facebook Group: Official AMA group for members and Maltese enthusiasts.
• Maltese Only Forum: Long-standing online community dedicated exclusively to Maltese.

Mentorship:

New breeders should seek mentorship from experienced Maltese breeders before producing their first litter. A good mentor will:

• Help you evaluate your foundation bitch
• Assist with stud dog selection
• Guide health testing decisions
• Provide hands-on support during whelping
• Offer honest feedback on puppies and breeding decisions

The American Maltese Association offers a mentor program connecting new breeders with experienced fanciers. Take advantage of this resource - the knowledge gained from an experienced mentor is invaluable.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Maltese typically have?

Maltese have an average litter size of 3.5 puppies, with a typical range of 2-6 puppies. This is among the smallest average litter sizes of all AKC breeds. The most common litter size is 3 puppies (30% of litters). Singleton puppies occur in approximately 10% of pregnancies, and litters of 2 puppies represent about 20% of all litters. Litters larger than 5 puppies are uncommon (under 15% combined frequency).

Do Maltese need C-sections?

Approximately 25% of Maltese litters require cesarean section, making the C-section rate moderate for a toy breed. About 75% of Maltese can whelp naturally with proper monitoring. C-section risk is higher in singleton pregnancies (where the single puppy may grow oversized), first-time mothers, and dams with particularly small pelvic structure. Breeders should have a veterinary plan in place before breeding, including access to emergency C-section services.

What health tests are required for breeding Maltese?

The CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) requires two tests for Maltese: Patella Evaluation (OFA) at $65 and Cardiac Exam (OFA) at $65, for a total of $130. However, responsible breeders also perform Serum Bile Acids testing ($150) to screen for liver shunts, Ophthalmologist Exam ($65) for eye diseases, DNA Test for White Shaker Syndrome ($75), and PRA DNA test ($65). Total recommended testing is approximately $485 per breeding dog.

How much does it cost to breed Maltese?

A typical Maltese litter costs approximately $5,207 with natural whelping or $6,707 with a C-section (including prorated health testing). Major expenses include stud fee ($2,000), progesterone testing ($600), prenatal care ($400), whelping ($500-$2,000), puppy vet care ($525 for 3.5 puppies), food and supplies ($400), and registration ($200). One-time health testing adds $485 per breeding dog.

At what age can you breed a Maltese?

Female Maltese should not be bred until 18-24 months of age (after the 2nd or 3rd heat cycle), allowing time for full physical maturity and completion of OFA health testing at 12 months minimum. Males can be bred at 18-24 months. The first heat (typically occurring at 6-12 months) should NEVER be bred. Breeding before 18 months increases risk of dystocia, puppy loss, and maternal complications in this tiny breed.

How much do Maltese puppies cost?

Pet-quality Maltese puppies from health-tested parents typically sell for $2,000. Show-quality puppies with breeding potential range from $3,500 and up. Prices vary based on geographic location, breeder reputation, health testing completeness, and show accomplishments of the parents. Puppies from Champion-sired litters or from breeders with extensive show records may command higher prices. Beware of puppies priced significantly below $1,500, as this often indicates lack of health testing or poor breeding practices.

What are the most common health problems in Maltese?

The five most prevalent hereditary conditions in Maltese are: (1) Patellar luxation affecting approximately 35% of the breed, (2) Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), a congenital heart defect in 15% of Maltese, (3) White Shaker Syndrome in 12% of Maltese, causing tremors, (4) Portosystemic shunt (liver shunt) in approximately 8% of Maltese, and (5) Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in approximately 3% of the breed. All breeding stock should be tested for patellar luxation and cardiac defects, with bile acid testing strongly recommended to screen for liver shunts.

Is breeding Maltese profitable?

Breeding Maltese is rarely profitable when all costs are accounted for. With an average litter of 3.5 puppies at $2,000 each, revenue is approximately $7,000. Costs for a natural whelping are approximately $5,207, yielding a profit of $1,793. However, a C-section reduces profit to $293. Singleton litters (10% frequency) result in a loss of $3,200-$4,700. Two-puppy litters (20% frequency) result in a loss of $1,200-$2,700. Additional costs like show campaigns, extended puppy care, and keeping show-quality puppies further reduce or eliminate profit. Most Maltese breeders operate at break-even or a loss.

Why do Maltese sometimes have only one puppy?

Singleton pregnancies occur in approximately 10% of Maltese litters due to the breed's small size and reproductive physiology. Toy breeds ovulate fewer eggs than larger breeds, and implantation success can be lower. Without littermate competition for uterine space, singleton puppies often grow larger than average (sometimes exceeding 1 pound at birth vs. the typical 4-8 oz), creating high risk for dystocia and C-section. Ultrasound or x-ray at 45-50 days gestation can identify singleton pregnancies, allowing breeders to plan for potential surgical delivery.

What is White Shaker Syndrome in Maltese?

White Shaker Syndrome is a neurological condition affecting approximately 12% of Maltese and other white toy breeds. It causes generalized tremors and lack of coordination, typically appearing between 6 months and 3 years of age. Symptoms are more pronounced when the dog is excited or stressed. The exact inheritance mode is unknown, though it appears predominantly in white-coated small dogs. A DNA test is available, and all breeding stock should be tested. The condition is manageable with corticosteroid medication but reduces quality of life. Avoid breeding affected individuals.

How do you evaluate coat texture in Maltese breeding stock?

Coat texture in Maltese is a phenotypic trait that cannot be predicted by DNA testing. The desired silky coat should flow like water when you run your hands through it, with fine, straight, glossy hair. Woolly or cottony coat (a fault) feels thicker, coarser, and may have a wavy or kinked texture. Texture becomes evident by 6-8 weeks in puppies when adult coat begins to emerge. Both parents should have correct silky texture, though this does not guarantee all offspring will inherit it due to polygenic inheritance. Evaluating texture by hand is essential before breeding decisions.

Are liver shunts common in Maltese?

Portosystemic shunts (liver shunts) occur in approximately 8% of Maltese, making them a significant breed health concern. Shunts are congenital blood vessel abnormalities that allow blood to bypass the liver, resulting in toxin buildup. Clinical signs include poor growth, neurological symptoms after eating, vomiting, and seizures, typically appearing before 1 year of age. Serum bile acids testing screens for shunts and hepatic microvascular dysplasia. The American Maltese Association strongly recommends bile acid testing for all breeding stock at a cost of approximately $150. Do not breed affected dogs, and carefully evaluate pedigrees with known shunt history.