Breeding Havanese

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Havanese presents unique considerations rooted in the breed's dramatic genetic bottleneck, distinctive springy gait, and exceptional color diversity. This comprehensive guide addresses the breed-specific reproductive, health testing, and economic realities that mid-level breeders need to make informed decisions about their Havanese breeding programs.

Breed Overview

The Havanese is the national dog of Cuba, descended from small companion dogs brought to the island by Spanish settlers in the 1500s. These charming dogs became favorites of Cuban aristocracy throughout the colonial period and into the 20th century. The breed faced near-extinction during the Cuban Revolution of the 1950s and 1960s, when many wealthy Cuban families fled to the United States with only what they could carry.

The Havanese breed in America has a remarkable origin story: all Havanese in the United States today descend from just 11 dogs rescued during that chaotic period. This extreme genetic bottleneck could have doomed the breed, but dedicated breeders have successfully maintained genetic diversity through careful linebreeding and outcrossing strategies. The breed's name comes from Havana, Cuba's capital city.

The American Kennel Club officially recognized the Havanese in 1996, classifying it in the Toy Group. The breed currently ranks 25th in AKC registrations, with stable popularity over the past decade. This consistent demand reflects the Havanese's appeal as an adaptable, affectionate companion that thrives in various living situations from urban apartments to suburban homes.

The parent club, the Havanese Club of America (HCA), provides extensive breeder education, health research support, and ethical breeding guidelines. Their CHIC program and breeder referral network are essential resources for both new and established Havanese breeders.

For breeders exploring the toy group, our guides on Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and Shih Tzu offer useful comparisons on health testing and breeding considerations for similarly sized companion breeds.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

The Havanese breed standard prioritizes characteristics that affect breeding stock selection decisions. Understanding these priorities helps breeders evaluate potential breeding animals beyond surface-level appearance.

The Springy Gait: The most defining characteristic of the Havanese is its unique springy gait, described in the standard as having "a spring caused by strong rear drive and flashy front action." This gait is not merely stylistic—it's structural. The Havanese requires a short upper arm (a longer upper arm is a serious fault) combined with strong rear angulation and drive. When evaluating breeding stock, watch for reach in the front movement paired with powerful rear drive that creates the characteristic bounce. A level or mincing gait indicates incorrect structure and should be selected against.

Proportion and Topline: The Havanese must be rectangular in proportion, with the body length (measured from point of shoulder to point of buttocks) exceeding the height at the withers. Square-proportioned dogs are incorrect. The topline should be straight with a slight rise from withers to croup—never level or roached. This specific topline contributes to proper gait mechanics.

Size Parameters: Both males and females ideally measure 9 to 10.5 inches at the withers, with a weight range of 7 to 13 pounds. Dogs under 8.5 inches or over 11.5 inches are disqualified (the minimum height exception applies only to dogs under 12 months of age). Breeding very small or very large Havanese perpetuates structural problems and reproductive complications.

Coat Texture Disqualifications: Unlike many breeds where coat issues are merely faults, the Havanese standard disqualifies two coat types: coarse, wiry coat; and short, smooth coat with or without furnishings. The breed requires a long, soft, silky coat—either straight or wavy, but never harsh. A single, flat, frizzy, or curly coat is a serious fault. When selecting breeding stock, physically examine coat texture by running your hands through the coat. Cottony or dense woolly texture indicates incorrect coat and should be avoided in breeding programs.

Pigmentation Requirements: Complete pigmentation of the eye rims, nose, and lips is essential. Incomplete or total lack of pigmentation in these areas is disqualifying. Acceptable pigment colors are black or brown (liver)—any other color pigmentation is also disqualifying. This is particularly important when breeding dilute colors or heavily white-marked dogs, as pigmentation can become incomplete.

Temperament: The standard specifies that the Havanese should be friendly, playful, alert, and intelligent. Aggression or excessive shyness are serious faults. Temperament is heritable, and breeding from shy or nervous dogs perpetuates these undesirable traits.

Reproductive Profile

Breeding Havanese involves understanding the typical reproductive parameters for this toy breed, though individual females may vary considerably from these averages.

The Havanese averages 4 puppies per litter, with a typical range from 1 to 9 puppies. This average is actually favorable compared to many toy breeds, where 2-3 puppies are common. However, the small litter size has significant economic implications for breeding programs, as covered in the economics section.

The Havanese has a C-section rate of approximately 15%, which is notably low for a toy breed—comparable to the Pomeranian and far lower than the Pug's brachycephalic-influenced rate or the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel's 25%. Most Havanese females whelp naturally without intervention. However, several breed-specific factors can complicate whelping:

Small litter sizes may not trigger labor naturally. Some females with only 1-2 puppies fail to go into labor spontaneously and require veterinary intervention or scheduled C-section.

Single-puppy litters present a unique risk. When a female carries only one puppy, that puppy often grows larger than normal, potentially causing dystocia (difficult birth) requiring emergency C-section.

Very small females (under 8 pounds) face increased risk. While the breed standard allows weights down to 7 pounds, breeding very small females increases fertility challenges and dystocia risk. Select breeding females in the 9-12 pound range for optimal reproductive success.

Uterine inertia occasionally occurs. Some Havanese females experience weak or ineffective contractions, prolonging labor dangerously. Monitor closely for prolonged intervals between puppies (over 2 hours) or signs of distress.

Regarding breeding methods, natural breeding is strongly preferred for Havanese due to their size, structure, and temperament. Fresh artificial insemination is occasionally used when natural breeding is difficult due to size disparity or behavioral issues. Frozen AI is possible but requires veterinary expertise in progesterone timing and surgical implantation for optimal conception rates.

Irregular heat cycles occur in some Havanese lines, making progesterone testing essential for accurate breeding timing. Budget $200-300 for serial progesterone tests to pinpoint ovulation.

Breeding Age and Timeline

Responsible Havanese breeding follows a timeline that prioritizes long-term health over rapid reproduction.

First Heat Timing: Havanese females typically experience their first heat between 6 and 9 months of age. Toy breeds often cycle earlier than larger breeds, and some Havanese females may cycle as early as 5 months. Do not breed on a first heat under any circumstances.

Recommended First Breeding Age: Females should be at least 18 to 24 months old before their first breeding, which typically corresponds to their second or third heat cycle. This delay allows for complete physical maturity, completion of all health testing (OFA requires 12 months minimum age for permanent hip certifications), and temperament stabilization. Males should also be at least 2 years old and health tested before being used at stud.

Health Testing Timeline: Plan to complete OFA hip and patella radiographs at 12 months of age, though many breeders wait until 18-24 months to allow for complete skeletal maturity. Eye CAER exams can begin earlier but must be repeated annually. If using DNA testing panels (recommended), these can be done at any age from 8 weeks onward.

Breeding Frequency and Retirement: The Havanese Club of America recommends no more than one litter per year per female, with a maximum of 4 litters over the female's lifetime. This conservative approach prioritizes the female's long-term health and wellbeing. Retirement age should be around 6 years, though individual health status may warrant earlier or slightly later retirement.

A typical Havanese breeding timeline looks like this:

Birth to 12 months: Raise and evaluate puppy, complete preliminary health testing and DNA panels.

12-18 months: Complete OFA hip and patella radiographs, obtain CAER eye clearance, finalize temperament evaluation and conformation assessment.

18-24 months: First breeding if all health clearances are excellent and temperament/structure warrant breeding.

2-6 years: Breeding years, maximum one litter per year, total of 4 litters maximum.

6+ years: Retirement from breeding, spay, and transition to companion/mentor role.

This timeline ensures each breeding produces puppies from fully mature, health-tested parents while preserving the breeding female's quality of life.

Required Health Testing

The Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) establishes minimum health testing requirements for Havanese breeding stock. Responsible breeders view CHIC requirements as the baseline, not the ceiling, of health testing.

CHIC Required Tests for Havanese:

Hip Dysplasia Evaluation - OFA hip radiographs or PennHIP evaluation. Despite being a toy breed, Havanese have a documented hip dysplasia rate of 9.9% based on over 7,000 OFA submissions. While this rate is relatively low compared to larger breeds, it's significant enough to warrant screening. The test requires radiographs taken at 12 months minimum age (24 months preferred for final rating). Estimated cost: $400 including radiographs, sedation, and OFA submission.

Patellar Luxation Evaluation - OFA patella examination by a veterinarian. Patellar luxation (slipping kneecaps) affects approximately 25% of Havanese, making it the breed's most common orthopedic condition. The condition is graded from I (mild, occasional luxation) to IV (permanent dislocation requiring surgery). Only dogs with normal patellas or Grade I with no clinical signs should be bred. Cost: $75.

Eye Examination - Annual CAER (Companion Animal Eye Registry) examination by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist. Havanese are susceptible to hereditary cataracts, progressive retinal atrophy, and other eye diseases. Because some conditions are progressive and can develop at any age, eye exams must be repeated annually—even for breeding animals previously cleared. Annual cost: $75.

Total CHIC Cost: $550 for the initial year (hip OFA one-time, patella one-time, eye exam annual), then $75 annually for eye re-examination.

Recommended Additional Testing:

Beyond CHIC minimums, prudent Havanese breeders often add:

BAER Hearing Test - While congenital deafness is rare in Havanese (99.6% of tested dogs have normal bilateral hearing per OFA data), testing provides peace of mind, especially when breeding white or heavily-marked dogs. Unilateral (one-ear) deafness is difficult to detect without testing. Cost: $95.

Cardiac Examination - Performed by a board-certified veterinary cardiologist to screen for congenital heart defects and murmurs. Cost: $75.

Elbow Dysplasia Evaluation - OFA elbow radiographs. While less common than hip dysplasia in toys, elbow evaluation provides complete orthopedic screening. Cost: $75.

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease Screening - Can be evaluated from the same hip radiographs used for OFA hip clearance. This condition affects the femoral head and is more common in toy breeds. Cost: typically included in hip radiograph fees, separate OFA submission $50.

Comprehensive DNA Panel - Embark or Paw Print Genetics panels screen for CDDY/IVDD risk genes (related to intervertebral disc disease), progressive retinal atrophy, and other genetic mutations. These panels also provide coefficient of inbreeding (COI) calculation and relative finder tools to identify breeding pairs' genetic relationships. Cost: $199.

The total cost for comprehensive health testing (CHIC plus recommended additions) approaches $1,000 per dog initially, with $75 annual eye exam renewals. This investment protects puppy buyers, strengthens breeding programs, and contributes valuable data to breed health databases.

Hereditary Health Conditions

Understanding the prevalence, inheritance patterns, and clinical significance of hereditary conditions enables breeders to make informed pairing decisions and counsel puppy buyers appropriately.

Patellar Luxation affects approximately 25% of Havanese, making it the breed's most significant orthopedic concern. The condition involves displacement of the kneecap (patella) from its normal groove in the femur. Clinical signs include intermittent lameness, a characteristic skipping gait, holding the affected leg up briefly, and pain when the kneecap dislocates. Severity is graded I through IV, with Grade I showing occasional luxation that spontaneously reduces, and Grade IV indicating permanent dislocation with severe structural deformity.

Inheritance is polygenic (multiple genes involved) with environmental factors contributing. No DNA test exists. Breeding strategy focuses on selecting dogs with OFA-normal patellas and avoiding breeding from affected animals or from pedigrees with high incidence rates. Even when both parents have normal patellas, offspring can develop luxation due to the polygenic nature.

Cataracts affect approximately 20% of Havanese, particularly in older dogs. Cataracts cause clouding of the eye's lens, leading to progressive vision impairment. The condition can be hereditary or age-related, making the distinction important for breeding decisions. Hereditary cataracts often appear at younger ages (under 6 years), while senile cataracts typically develop after 6 years.

Inheritance mode is variable—some forms appear hereditary while others are sporadic. No DNA test currently identifies all cataract types. Annual CAER eye examinations detect developing cataracts early. Breeding dogs with juvenile-onset cataracts should be avoided, as should breeding from lines with high cataract incidence.

Hip Dysplasia affects 9.9% of Havanese based on OFA data from over 7,000 evaluations. While this rate is lower than many breeds, hip dysplasia still causes lameness, difficulty rising, decreased activity, and arthritis pain. The condition is polygenic with environmental influences (growth rate, nutrition, exercise during development).

No DNA test exists. Breeding strategy relies on OFA or PennHIP evaluation at 12+ months, selecting dogs with Excellent, Good, or Fair ratings. Avoid breeding dogs with Borderline, Mild, Moderate, or Severe dysplasia ratings.

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (LCPD) shows moderate prevalence in Havanese, with increased risk in toy breeds generally. This condition involves aseptic necrosis (death of bone tissue) of the femoral head due to interrupted blood supply. Clinical signs appear between 4 months and 1 year of age (peak at 7 months) and include acute lameness, muscle atrophy in the affected leg, and severe pain on hip manipulation.

A genetic component is suspected but the exact inheritance mode remains unknown. No DNA test exists. The condition is often unilateral (one leg), though bilateral cases occur. Treatment typically requires surgical removal of the femoral head. Breeding strategy involves avoiding dogs from families with LCPD history and selecting for clean hip radiographs.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) occurs at low to moderate frequency in Havanese, with exact prevalence difficult to determine. PRA causes progressive retinal degeneration leading to blindness. Initial signs include night blindness, dilated pupils, and increased reflectivity of the tapetum (the reflective layer behind the retina). The condition progresses to complete blindness.

Inheritance is autosomal recessive in most breeds. DNA testing is available for some forms of PRA. Annual CAER eye exams detect PRA changes before clinical signs appear. Genetic testing allows identification of carriers (dogs with one copy of the mutation who are unaffected but can produce affected puppies if bred to another carrier). Avoid carrier-to-carrier breeding; breeding a clear dog to a carrier produces no affected puppies.

Portosystemic Liver Shunt (PSS) affects approximately 0.5% of dogs overall, with Havanese showing increased predisposition. This congenital condition involves abnormal blood vessels that allow blood to bypass the liver, preventing proper filtration of toxins. Clinical signs include poor growth, vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst and urination, seizures, and behavioral changes.

The condition shows familial clustering suggesting genetic inheritance, though the mode is unclear. No DNA test exists. Diagnosis requires bile acid testing, imaging, or surgical visualization. Most toy breed cases involve extrahepatic shunts (outside the liver). Treatment requires surgical correction. Breeding strategy involves avoiding lines with known PSS history and being alert to poor-doing puppies in litters.

Congenital Deafness is extremely rare in Havanese, with OFA BAER test data showing 99.6% of over 3,000 tested Havanese have normal bilateral hearing. This exceptionally low deafness rate is remarkable given that white coat color is common in the breed—in many breeds, white coloring associates strongly with deafness. The Havanese breeding community has successfully selected against deafness despite maintaining color diversity.

Inheritance is genetic, often associated with lack of pigmentation genes, though the Havanese demonstrates that white coloring and normal hearing are compatible. BAER testing identifies unilateral (one ear) and bilateral (both ears) deafness. Unilaterally deaf dogs appear normal in daily life but should not be bred. Bilaterally deaf dogs require special training and management; breeding them is strongly discouraged.

Chondrodysplasia is rare in Havanese but devastating when it occurs. This genetic disorder causes abnormal cartilage development resulting in disproportionate dwarfism. Clinical signs include abnormally large head relative to body, crooked teeth, spinal curvature, bowed forelegs, and shortened limbs. The condition is apparent by 8-12 weeks of age.

Inheritance is suspected to be autosomal recessive. No DNA test currently exists. Affected puppies should never be bred, and parents who produced an affected puppy should not be bred to each other again (though they may be bred to different partners as they're likely carriers, not affected).

Color and Coat Genetics

The Havanese stands nearly alone among AKC breeds in having no disqualifying colors. This extraordinary color diversity is intentional breed preservation, reflecting the variety present in the original Cuban foundation stock. The breed standard accepts an extensive palette: white, cream, champagne, gold, black, blue, silver, chocolate, red, fawn, black and tan, parti-colors (any solid with white), tricolors, sable, brindle, Irish pied, belton, and abstract markings.

This diversity makes Havanese color genetics complex and fascinating. Multiple genetic loci interact to create the breed's color array:

A Locus (Agouti) controls the distribution of dark and light pigment, producing sable (ay), tan points (at), and recessive black (a). Sable Havanese show banded hairs with darker tips. Tan points create the black-and-tan pattern. Recessive black produces solid black dogs when combined with appropriate alleles at other loci.

B Locus (Brown) determines whether black pigment (B) or brown/chocolate pigment (b) is produced. Dogs with two copies of the recessive allele (bb) have brown pigment instead of black, producing chocolate, liver, or brown-toned dogs with brown noses and eye rims rather than black.

D Locus (Dilution) controls pigment intensity. The recessive dd genotype dilutes black to blue/gray and chocolate to silver or champagne. Dilute colors have a distinctive soft, muted appearance. Blue Havanese (dilute black) have slate-gray coats and dark gray noses. Silver and champagne (dilute chocolate) show warm beige to pale gray tones.

E Locus (Extension) determines whether dark pigment is extended throughout the coat (E) or restricted (e). Dogs with ee genotype produce minimal dark pigment, resulting in cream, white, or red coloration. This locus also controls the recessive red phenotype common in Havanese.

K Locus (Dominant Black) controls whether a dog displays the pattern dictated by the A locus or appears solid-colored. Dominant KB masks agouti patterns, while kyky allows pattern expression. This explains why some Havanese appear solid while others show sable or tan point patterns.

S Locus (Spotting) controls white markings and parti-color patterns. The range includes minimal white (Irish spotting), parti-color (solid color with significant white), and extensive white (predominantly white with colored patches). Belton patterning (ticking in white areas) is also controlled here.

Breeding for Color: Havanese breeders should understand basic color genetics to predict litter outcomes, but all colors are equally acceptable for breeding purposes. The lack of color disqualifications means breeding decisions should prioritize structure, temperament, and health over color preferences.

Color-Linked Health Concerns: The primary health consideration is dilute alopecia (Color Dilution Alopecia), a rare condition sometimes seen in dd dogs (blue, silver, champagne). Affected dogs develop patchy hair loss, poor coat quality, and skin issues. While uncommon in Havanese, breeders of dilute colors should monitor for coat quality issues. No other colors link to specific health problems in this breed.

Genetic Testing: Embark and Paw Print Genetics panels test for genotypes at the A, B, D, E, K, and S loci, allowing breeders to determine a dog's exact color genotype and predict possible offspring colors from specific pairings. This testing is optional but helpful for breeding planning, especially when working with recessive colors.

The Havanese color diversity represents successful breed preservation. Early breed rescuers maintained all colors rather than narrowing to a few "fashionable" shades, preserving genetic variation that likely contributed to the breed's overall health and genetic diversity despite the small foundation population.

Selecting Breeding Stock

Breeding stock selection determines the long-term success of a Havanese breeding program. Beyond health testing clearances, structural correctness, temperament soundness, and genetic diversity should guide selection decisions.

Gait as the Primary Selection Criterion: The Havanese's springy gait is its most distinctive characteristic and should be the top priority in selecting breeding animals. When evaluating a potential breeding dog, observe movement on a loose lead at a moderate trot. Look for strong rear drive pushing forward with power, combined with flashy front reach. The result should be a visible "bounce" or spring in the gait—not mincing steps or a level, boring movement. Dogs lacking the characteristic spring, even if otherwise excellent, perpetuate incorrect movement that undermines breed type.

The springy gait requires specific structural elements: short upper arm, properly angulated rear (strong bend of stifle), and straight topline with slight rise to croup. These structural points should be verified during stacking and hands-on examination.

Topline Correctness: The Havanese requires a straight topline with a slight rise from withers to croup. Run your hand along the spine from withers to tail set—you should feel straight vertebrae with a subtle upward slope toward the rear. Level toplines or roached (arched) toplines are serious faults. This topline configuration contributes to proper weight distribution and movement mechanics.

Rectangular Proportion: Measure or visually assess body proportion. The Havanese should be noticeably longer than tall, creating a rectangular silhouette. Square proportions are incorrect and often accompany movement faults. When stacked properly, the dog should show clear rectangular outline from point of shoulder to point of buttocks compared to height at withers.

Coat Texture Evaluation: Do not rely on visual assessment alone—physically examine coat texture. The coat should be long, silky, and flowing, with individual hairs that are soft and have a slight wave. Cottony, dense, or woolly textures feel different than correct silky coat when you run your hands through it. Avoid breeding any dog with harsh, wiry, or short smooth coat, as these are disqualifying faults. A sparse coat is undesirable; proper furnishing and volume are important.

Pigmentation Requirements: Verify complete pigmentation of eye rims (fully outlined in black or brown), nose leather (solid black or solid brown/liver), and lip margins (fully pigmented). Incomplete pigmentation in these areas is disqualifying. This is particularly important when breeding dilute colors (blue, silver, champagne) or heavily white-marked dogs, as pigmentation can become weakened. Photograph dogs in good lighting to document pigmentation status.

Temperament Assessment: Temperament is highly heritable. Evaluate potential breeding stock for confident, friendly, outgoing personality. Havanese should approach strangers with interest, interact playfully with other dogs without aggression or fear, and show stable reactions to novel situations. Shy, fearful, or aggressive temperament should eliminate a dog from breeding consideration regardless of other qualities. Conduct formal temperament testing or observe dogs in various settings—at home, in public, at shows, with children, with other animals—before breeding decisions.

Genetic Diversity and Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI): Given the Havanese breed's foundation from only 11 dogs in the 1960s, maintaining genetic diversity is critical. The current average COI for the breed is remarkably low at 2.7%, indicating successful outcrossing efforts by the breeding community. When selecting breeding pairs, calculate the COI for the planned breeding using tools like the Embark genetic COI calculator or pedigree COI calculators. Target a breeding COI at or below the breed average of 2.7%. Avoid breeding close relatives (parent to offspring, sibling to sibling, or even half-siblings) as this concentrates genes and elevates health risks.

Show Quality vs. Breeding Quality: Not all show champions are ideal breeding animals, and not all breeding-quality dogs finish championships. Prioritize functional structure (correct gait, topline, proportion), sound temperament, and health test clearances over show wins. A dog with excellent structure, perfect clearances, and stable temperament that lacks show coat or has minor cosmetic faults may be a superior breeding prospect compared to a heavily campaigned champion with fair hip ratings and anxious temperament.

Stud Selection: When selecting a stud dog for your female, prioritize complementary structure (a stud that excels where your female is adequate), compatible pedigrees (avoiding common ancestors in the first 3-4 generations), and complete health clearances matching or exceeding your own standards. Stud fees for proven Havanese stud dogs range from $1,500 to $2,000. Stud dog owners typically offer a return service (free repeat breeding if the first attempt produces no puppies) or a puppy back arrangement. Verify the stud's health clearances directly through OFA rather than relying on owner statements.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Despite being a toy breed, the Havanese typically whelps naturally without routine C-sections. However, breeders must prepare for potential complications specific to the breed's size and reproductive characteristics.

Natural Whelping is Expected: With a C-section rate of approximately 15%, the vast majority of Havanese females deliver naturally. Prepare a whelping box in a quiet, temperature-controlled area where the dam feels secure. Begin taking the dam's rectal temperature twice daily starting around day 58 of pregnancy—a drop below 99°F indicates labor will begin within 24 hours.

Breed-Specific Whelping Complications:

Small litters may not trigger labor spontaneously. Females carrying only 1-2 puppies sometimes fail to go into labor naturally. If a female reaches day 63-64 of pregnancy without signs of impending labor and ultrasound confirms small litter size, consult your veterinarian about inducing labor or scheduling a C-section. Progesterone testing during pregnancy helps predict accurate due dates.

Single-puppy litters pose dystocia risk. When only one puppy develops, it often grows larger than normal (the uterine space allows greater individual growth). An oversized puppy may not fit through the birth canal, requiring emergency C-section. If ultrasound early in pregnancy reveals a singleton puppy, discuss planned C-section timing with your veterinarian.

Uterine inertia requires intervention. Some Havanese females experience weak, ineffective contractions insufficient to deliver puppies. Monitor active labor closely. If strong contractions persist for 30-60 minutes without producing a puppy, or if more than 2 hours pass between puppies, contact your veterinarian. Uterine inertia may respond to oxytocin injections or require C-section.

Monitor first-time mothers closely. Primiparous (first-time) Havanese females have slightly elevated dystocia risk. Arrange for veterinary support to be available during the expected whelping window for first-litters.

Birth Weights and Early Growth: Havanese puppies are born exceptionally small. Males typically weigh 3.5 to 5 ounces (100-140 grams) at birth, while females weigh 3 to 4.5 ounces (85-130 grams). These tiny neonates require careful monitoring and temperature regulation.

Daily Weight Gain Targets: Puppies should gain 5-10% of birth weight daily. A 4-ounce newborn should gain approximately 0.2-0.4 ounces (6-11 grams) per day. Weigh puppies daily at the same time using a gram-scale kitchen scale. Puppies should double their birth weight by 8-11 days of age. Failure to gain adequately signals insufficient milk intake, illness, or congenital defects requiring veterinary intervention.

Temperature Regulation: Newborn Havanese cannot regulate body temperature effectively. Maintain the whelping box ambient temperature at 85-90°F for the first week, then gradually decrease to 75-80°F by week four. Use heating pads under half the whelping box (allowing puppies to move to a cooler area if needed) or overhead heat lamps positioned to avoid overheating.

Fading Puppy Syndrome: Watch for puppies that separate from littermates, feel cool to touch, cry persistently, or fail to nurse. "Fading puppy syndrome" can result from congenital defects, infections, inadequate milk intake, or environmental stress. Early veterinary intervention with tube feeding, antibiotics, or supportive care sometimes saves declining puppies.

No Cosmetic Alterations: The Havanese requires no dewclaw removal, tail docking, or ear cropping. Dewclaws should remain intact. This eliminates the cost and puppy stress associated with cosmetic procedures common in some other breeds.

Puppy Development Milestones

Understanding normal Havanese puppy development enables breeders to identify potential problems early, optimize socialization timing, and conduct appropriate structural evaluations.

Week 0 (Birth): Puppies are born with eyes and ears sealed, rely entirely on tactile and thermal sensation to locate the dam and littermates, and spend their time nursing and sleeping. Birth weights are 3-5 ounces for this tiny breed.

Week 1: Puppies should double birth weight by days 8-11. Eyes and ears remain closed. Begin Early Neurological Stimulation (ENS) exercises on days 3-16 to provide mild stressors that enhance neurological development.

Week 2: Eyes begin opening around day 10-14, though vision is limited initially. Ear canals start opening around day 13-17. Puppies become more aware of their environment and littermates. Begin gentle handling and tactile stimulation.

Week 3: Puppies begin attempting to walk with wobbly, uncoordinated movement. First teeth erupt (incisors first). Introduce sound stimulation with varied household noises at low volume. Begin offering moistened puppy food for early weaning exposure.

Week 4: Puppies walk more steadily, play with littermates, and show early social behaviors. This is the beginning of the critical socialization window (weeks 3-14). Start introducing diverse surfaces (carpet, tile, grass, rubber mats), gentle sounds, and safe novel objects.

Week 5-6: Gradual weaning begins, with puppies eating moistened puppy food while continuing to nurse. Social play becomes more complex. Puppies begin learning bite inhibition from littermates. Introduce short positive interactions with vaccinated adult dogs and gentle humans of various ages.

Week 7-8: Formal puppy aptitude testing can be conducted at 7 weeks to assess individual temperament differences. Puppies are typically fully weaned by 6 weeks (though some may nurse occasionally until 8 weeks). First veterinary exam, first DHPP vaccine, and deworming occur. Preliminary structural evaluation can identify obvious faults or virtues, though final assessment requires skeletal maturity.

This is also the earliest safe age for puppies to transition to new homes, though many Havanese breeders prefer holding puppies until 10-12 weeks for additional socialization, temperament observation, and structural development before finalizing pet vs. show placement decisions.

Week 9-12: Continued rapid growth and socialization. Second DHPP vaccine typically given at 9-10 weeks. Puppies transition fully to solid food, develop more reliable house training patterns, and show developing personalities. Breeders keeping potential show prospects can make more informed evaluations at 10-12 weeks, though some structural elements remain unpredictable until later maturity.

6 Months: Males and females reach approximately 30-35% of adult weight. Sexual maturity approaches, with many females experiencing first heat around this age. Structural evaluation at 6 months provides better assessment of proportion, topline, gait mechanics, and coat development. Decisions about show careers vs. pet placement become more definitive.

12-14 Months: Adult size is nearly achieved, though full physical maturity (complete muscling, bone density, and coat development) continues until 18-24 months. This is the minimum age for OFA orthopedic testing (hip and patella radiographs).

18-24 Months: Complete physical maturity. Final show quality assessment is most accurate at this stage. Breeding age is reached for both males and females after completion of all health testing.

Socialization Window: The critical socialization period for puppies spans weeks 3-14 (approximately 3 weeks to 3.5 months of age). During this window, positive exposure to diverse people, animals, environments, sounds, and experiences establishes lifelong confidence and adaptability. After puppies go to new homes, advise puppy buyers to continue extensive socialization through at least 6 months of age, attending puppy kindergarten classes and providing varied positive experiences.

Breeding Economics

Breeding Havanese is rarely profitable when all costs are accurately accounted and breeding is conducted responsibly with complete health testing and quality care. Understanding the economics helps breeders plan realistically and price puppies appropriately.

Pre-Breeding Costs (Per Dam):

Health testing per breeding female: $550 for CHIC requirements (hip OFA, patella OFA, initial eye exam), plus recommended additional testing adds another $450 (BAER, cardiac, DNA panel), totaling approximately $1,000 per dog initial investment. Annual eye exam renewals cost $75.

Show costs if campaigning for championship: Entry fees, travel, handler fees, and grooming expenses can total $3,000-$10,000+ per championship title. Not all breeders show, but those producing show-quality puppies typically invest in proving their breeding stock.

Stud Fee: $1,750 (average of $1,500-$2,000 range for proven stud dogs with health clearances and championships).

Per Litter Costs:

Progesterone testing: $200-$300 for serial tests to pinpoint ovulation timing, especially important for AI or females with irregular cycles.

Prenatal veterinary care: $300 for confirmation ultrasound (day 28-32), wellness checks, prenatal vitamins, and high-quality nutrition during pregnancy and lactation.

Whelping costs - natural delivery: $150 for supplies (whelping box materials, heating pad, scale, thermometer, emergency supplies, cleaning supplies).

Whelping costs - C-section: $2,500 average for emergency or planned C-section including anesthesia, surgery, hospitalization, and post-operative care. With a 15% C-section rate, budget to absorb this cost occasionally.

Puppy veterinary care: $150 per puppy for two DHPP vaccinations, deworming, microchipping, and first veterinary examination. For an average 4-puppy litter, total puppy vet costs are $600.

Food and supplies: $250 for high-quality puppy food (8-10 weeks of feeding), supplements, cleaning supplies, toys, socialization materials, and general supplies through placement age.

AKC registration: Approximately $200 total for litter registration plus individual puppy registration applications.

Total Cost per Litter (Natural Whelp): $550 (health testing) + $1,750 (stud) + $200 (progesterone) + $300 (prenatal care) + $150 (whelping) + $600 (puppy vet) + $250 (food/supplies) + $200 (registration) = $4,000

Total Cost per Litter (C-Section): Replace $150 natural whelping with $2,500 C-section = $6,350

Revenue:

Average puppy price (pet quality): $1,500

Average puppy price (show quality): $2,250

Average litter size: 4 puppies

Typical litter composition: Assuming 3 pet-quality and 1 show-potential puppy, revenue would be (3 × $1,500) + (1 × $2,250) = $6,750

Many breeders keep show-potential puppies rather than selling them, reducing revenue while investing in future breeding stock.

Net Analysis:

Profit per litter (natural whelp, 4 puppies sold): $6,750 revenue - $4,000 costs = $2,750 profit

Profit per litter (C-section, 4 puppies sold): $6,750 revenue - $6,350 costs = $400 profit

Profit per litter (natural whelp, keeping 1 show puppy): $4,500 revenue - $4,000 costs = $500 profit

These calculations demonstrate that Havanese breeding margins are extremely tight, particularly when the small average litter size of 4 puppies is considered. A smaller litter of 2-3 puppies results in financial loss. Factor in the time investment—prenatal care, whelping attendance, round-the-clock neonatal care for the first weeks, socialization, training, puppy placement screening, and ongoing puppy buyer support—and the true "hourly wage" for breeding is negligible or negative.

Responsible breeders breed to improve the breed, produce healthy puppies for carefully selected homes, and preserve breed type and genetic diversity—not to generate income. The economics of breeding Havanese support this: done properly with complete health testing, quality care, and ethical placement standards, breeding produces little to no profit and substantial time investment.

Breeder Resources

The Havanese breeding community offers extensive support, education, and resources for both new and experienced breeders.

Parent Club: The Havanese Club of America (HCA) serves as the AKC parent club for the breed. HCA provides breeder education through seminars, webinars, and publications; maintains the CHIC health database; conducts health research; and offers a breeder referral program. Membership includes access to regional club contacts, mentorship opportunities, and the quarterly journal "The Havanese Fancier." Website: https://www.havanese.org/

Regional Clubs: Numerous regional Havanese clubs operate throughout the United States, offering local specialty shows, educational meetings, mentorship programs, and community connections. HCA's website lists regional affiliate clubs by state.

AKC Breeder Programs:

AKC Breeder of Merit: Recognizes dedicated breeders who demonstrate a commitment to health testing, continuing education, and responsible breeding practices. Requirements include health testing all breeding stock, participating in AKC events, and earning certifications or titles on breeding stock.

AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T.: Emphasizes Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, and Tradition. This program requires higher health testing standards and extensive commitment to breed improvement.

Recommended Books:

"The Joyous Havanese" by Joanne V. Baldwin: Comprehensive breed guide covering history, breed standard, breeding, health, grooming, and showing. Written by a pioneering Havanese breeder involved in establishing the breed in the United States.

"Havanese: A Comprehensive Guide to Owning and Caring for Your Dog": Practical care manual covering puppy selection, training, health, grooming, and daily care. Useful for breeder libraries and puppy buyer education.

"The Complete Havanese" by Diane Klumb and Joanne V. Baldwin: Detailed breed reference including in-depth breed history, pedigree analysis, genetics, and breeding principles specific to Havanese.

Online Communities:

Havanese Forum (havaneseforum.com): Active online community with sections dedicated to showing, breeding, health, grooming, and training. Breeders share experiences, problem-solve challenges, and maintain a supportive network.

Havanese Club of America Facebook Group: Official HCA social media group with breeding discussions, health updates, event announcements, and community support.

Havanese Breeders Education Group: Facebook group focused specifically on breeding topics including genetics, health testing interpretation, whelping support, and puppy development. Private group requiring screening to maintain quality discussions.

Mentorship: New breeders should seek experienced mentors through regional clubs, HCA connections, or show community contacts. A knowledgeable mentor provides invaluable guidance on breeding decisions, whelping support, puppy evaluation, and navigating challenges. Quality mentorship shortens the learning curve and improves breeding program outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Havanese typically have?

Havanese average 4 puppies per litter, with a typical range of 1 to 9 puppies. This average is favorable compared to many toy breeds that commonly produce only 2-3 puppies. Litter size distribution shows that 4-puppy litters are most common (26% of litters), followed by 5 puppies (20%), and 3 puppies (18%). Single-puppy litters occur in about 8% of Havanese pregnancies. Very large litters of 7+ puppies are uncommon (under 6% combined). The small average litter size has significant economic implications, as breeding costs are largely fixed regardless of litter size.

Do Havanese need C-sections?

Havanese have a C-section rate of approximately 15%, which is notably low for a toy breed. The majority of Havanese females whelp naturally without surgical intervention. However, certain situations increase C-section likelihood: single-puppy litters (the puppy often grows oversized), very small females under 8 pounds, uterine inertia with weak ineffective contractions, and first-time mothers with small litters that fail to trigger labor naturally. While most breeders will experience natural whelping for the majority of litters, preparing financially and logistically for possible emergency C-section is prudent.

What health tests are required for breeding Havanese?

The CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) program requires three tests for Havanese: OFA hip evaluation (radiographs at 12+ months), OFA patella evaluation (veterinary examination at 12+ months), and CAER eye examination by a board-certified ophthalmologist (annual). These tests screen for hip dysplasia, patellar luxation, and hereditary eye diseases including cataracts and progressive retinal atrophy. Beyond CHIC minimums, responsible breeders often add BAER hearing test, cardiac examination, and comprehensive DNA panels testing for genetic mutations and calculating coefficient of inbreeding. Total cost for CHIC requirements is $550 initially plus $75 annually for eye exam renewals.

How much does it cost to breed Havanese?

Comprehensive costs for a Havanese litter total approximately $4,000 for natural whelping or $6,350 if C-section is required. Major cost categories include: health testing the dam ($550 for CHIC, up to $1,000 with recommended additions), stud fee ($1,750 average), progesterone testing ($200), prenatal veterinary care ($300), whelping costs ($150 natural or $2,500 C-section), puppy veterinary care ($600 for 4 puppies), food and supplies ($250), and registration fees ($200). These figures assume complete health testing and quality care standards. Additional costs not captured in per-litter accounting include show expenses if campaigning breeding stock, facility costs, and time investment.

At what age can you breed a Havanese?

Females should be at least 18 to 24 months old before their first breeding, corresponding to their second or third heat cycle. Males should be at least 2 years old before being used at stud. This timeline allows for complete physical maturity, completion of all required health testing (OFA requires 12 months minimum for hip and patella certifications), and temperament stabilization. While females typically experience first heat at 6-9 months, breeding on the first heat is inappropriate—the female is not physically or mentally mature enough to carry a pregnancy safely or raise puppies successfully. Delayed breeding age prioritizes long-term health over rapid production.

How much do Havanese puppies cost?

Pet-quality Havanese puppies from health-tested parents typically cost $1,500. Show-quality puppies with breeding potential typically cost $2,000 to $2,500. Prices vary by region, breeder reputation, pedigree, health testing completeness, and puppy quality. Significantly lower prices (under $1,000) often indicate puppy mills or backyard breeders cutting corners on health testing, veterinary care, socialization, or breeding stock quality. Responsible breeders cannot produce properly health-tested, veterinary-cared, well-socialized puppies for substantially less than $1,500 given the economic realities detailed in this guide. Higher prices reflect investment in championships, extensive health testing beyond CHIC minimums, and exceptional pedigrees.

What are the most common health problems in Havanese?

The most common health conditions affecting Havanese are patellar luxation (approximately 25% prevalence), cataracts (approximately 20%), and hip dysplasia (9.9% per OFA data). Patellar luxation involves slipping kneecaps causing intermittent lameness and requiring surgical correction in severe cases. Cataracts cloud the eye lens and can progress to vision impairment or blindness. Hip dysplasia causes joint laxity, arthritis pain, and mobility limitations. Other conditions occurring at lower frequency include Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (aseptic necrosis of the femoral head), progressive retinal atrophy (inherited retinal degeneration), portosystemic liver shunt (congenital vascular abnormality), and chondrodysplasia (cartilage development disorder). Required health testing screens breeding stock for these major conditions to reduce incidence in offspring.

Is breeding Havanese profitable?

Breeding Havanese is minimally profitable or unprofitable when conducted responsibly with complete health testing and quality care. With average litter size of 4 puppies, total costs of $4,000 (natural whelp), and revenue of approximately $6,000-$6,750 from selling all puppies, net profit is approximately $2,000-$2,750 per litter. If the breeding requires C-section (15% likelihood), costs increase to $6,350, reducing net profit to under $500. If the breeder keeps a show-quality puppy for evaluation or future breeding (common practice), revenue decreases substantially. These calculations do not include time investment—prenatal care, whelping attendance, weeks of round-the-clock neonatal care, socialization, puppy evaluation, and ongoing buyer support—which makes the effective hourly compensation negligible or negative. Responsible breeders breed for breed improvement and puppy placement, not income generation.

Why is gait so important in Havanese breeding?

The Havanese's springy gait is the breed's most distinctive and defining characteristic, essential to correct breed type. This unique movement—characterized by strong rear drive and flashy front action creating a visible "bounce"—distinguishes the Havanese from other small companion breeds. The springy gait is not merely stylistic; it reflects correct structural elements including short upper arm, properly angulated rear with strong bend of stifle, and straight topline with slight rise to croup. Dogs lacking the characteristic spring, even if otherwise excellent, fail to represent proper Havanese type. The breed standard identifies lack of springy gait as a serious fault. When selecting breeding stock, observing movement quality should be the top priority, as gait correctness is highly heritable and fundamental to breed preservation.

Are all Havanese colors acceptable?

Yes, the Havanese is extraordinary among AKC breeds in having no disqualifying colors. The breed standard accepts an extensive palette including white, cream, champagne, gold, black, blue, silver, chocolate, red, fawn, black and tan, parti-colors, tricolors, sable, brindle, Irish pied, belton, and abstract markings. This exceptional color diversity is intentional breed preservation, reflecting the variety present in the original Cuban foundation dogs and maintained by dedicated breeders after the breed's rescue in the 1960s. All colors are equally acceptable for breeding purposes—selection decisions should prioritize structure, temperament, and health over color preferences. The only color-linked health concern is dilute alopecia (rare in Havanese), occasionally seen in dilute colors like blue and silver. Breeders can work with any colors confidently without concern about producing disqualified puppies.

How has the genetic bottleneck affected Havanese breeding?

All Havanese in the United States today descend from just 11 dogs rescued from Cuba during the Revolution era of the 1960s. This extreme genetic bottleneck could have caused severe health problems, limited genetic diversity, and high inbreeding. However, the Havanese breeding community has successfully navigated this challenge through careful outcrossing, pedigree analysis, and genetic diversity preservation. The current average coefficient of inbreeding (COI) for the breed is remarkably low at 2.7%, indicating successful genetic management. Modern DNA testing tools like Embark allow breeders to calculate precise genetic COI and identify distant relatives to maximize diversity in breeding pairs. The bottleneck makes every breeding decision significant for long-term breed health—breeders should avoid close linebreeding, calculate COI for planned breedings, and prioritize genetic diversity alongside structure and health. The intentional preservation of all color varieties also contributed to maintaining genetic variation.

What coat texture faults should I avoid in breeding stock?

Coat texture is so critical to Havanese breed type that two coat textures are actually disqualifying faults rather than merely undesirable: coarse, wiry coat; and short, smooth coat with or without furnishings. The breed requires long, soft, silky coat that may be straight or wavy. Serious faults include single coat (lacking undercoat), flat coat, frizzy coat, and curly coat. When evaluating breeding stock, do not rely on visual assessment alone—physically examine coat texture by running your hands through the coat. Correct silky texture feels soft and fluid, with individual hairs having slight wave. Cottony or woolly texture feels dense and lacks the flowing quality. Wiry or harsh texture feels rough. Breeding dogs with incorrect coat texture perpetuates this fault and may produce disqualified offspring. Select for proper silky coat with adequate furnishing and avoid sparse, frizzy, cottony, or harsh textures.