Breeding Scottish Terriers

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Scottish Terriers presents unique challenges that distinguish this breed from other terriers. With a 60% C-section rate driven by disproportionately large puppy heads, significantly elevated cancer risk, and a complex health testing protocol, breeding Scottish Terriers requires careful planning, veterinary partnerships, and realistic financial expectations. This guide provides the breed-specific data you need to make informed breeding decisions.

Breed Overview

The Scottish Terrier originated in the Highlands of Scotland, bred to hunt vermin, foxes, and badgers in rugged terrain and underground dens. Historical accounts from the 16th century describe "a dog of low height, which creeping into subterraneous burrows routs out foxes, badgers, martens and wildcats." The breed first appeared in Britain's Kennel Club Stud Book in 1880 as the Aberdeen Terrier before being standardized as the Scottish Terrier. The Scottish Terrier Club of America was established in 1900, and the breed achieved peak popularity in the 1930s, partly due to President Franklin Roosevelt's famous Scottie, Fala.

The breed was recognized by the AKC in 1885 as part of the Terrier Group. Currently ranked #58 in AKC popularity, the Scottish Terrier has experienced a declining registration trend in recent years, making responsible breeding increasingly important for maintaining healthy genetic diversity.

The parent club, the Scottish Terrier Club of America, provides extensive breeder education resources, health research updates, and connects breeders with mentorship programs.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

The Scottish Terrier is a small, compact, short-legged terrier of good bone and substance. At exactly 10 inches tall (both sexes), males weigh 19-22 pounds and females 18-21 pounds. This precise height standard means breeders must carefully evaluate proportions rather than simply seeking larger or smaller dogs.

Critical breeding priorities from the standard:

Head type and expression are paramount. The Scottish Terrier head should be long in proportion to the overall dog, with a strong muzzle approximately equal in length to the skull. The keen, piercing expression is created by small, almond-shaped, dark eyes set under pronounced brows. Round, protruding, or light eyes are serious faults that undermine breed type.

Coat texture must be hard, dense, and wiry with a soft undercoat. A soft or open coat is a serious fault. This double coat was essential for the breed's original work in harsh Scottish weather and vermin hunting. Unlike the Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier with its silky texture, the Scottie's coat should feel harsh to the touch.

Body proportions call for a short-coupled body approximately 11 inches in length from point of shoulder to set-on of tail. The topline should be firm and level. Excessive length of back or a leggy appearance detracts from the compact, powerful silhouette that defines the breed.

Front assembly requires good forechest with well-laid shoulders. The breed should present substance and bone appropriate for a working terrier, not the refined bone of toy breeds.

Serious faults to breed away from:

• Soft coat texture
• Round, protruding, or light eyes
• Overshot or undershot jaws
• Obviously oversize or undersize specimens
• Timid or unstable temperament

The standard includes no disqualifications, giving judges and breeders flexibility within the defined type. However, the serious faults listed above can significantly impact a dog's breeding value.

Reproductive Profile

Scottish Terriers average 5 puppies per litter, with a typical range of 4-9 puppies. This is moderate to small compared to larger terriers but consistent with other small, heavily-built terriers.

The breed has a 60% C-section rate, one of the highest among terrier breeds—comparable to the Bull Terrier—and driven primarily by large puppy heads relative to the dam's pelvic structure. Small litter sizes can paradoxically increase C-section risk, as fewer puppies often means individually larger puppies. This is a critical consideration for breeding economics and requires establishing a relationship with a veterinary surgeon before breeding.

Planned C-sections are the common whelping method for Scottish Terriers. Many experienced breeders schedule C-sections at 63 days (confirmed by progesterone timing) rather than attempting natural whelping and risking emergency surgery. Planned C-sections have lower complication rates and better puppy survival than emergency procedures.

Fertility challenges specific to the breed:

• Large puppy heads requiring precise breeding timing to avoid oversized puppies
• Narrow fertile window necessitating progesterone testing
• High surgical whelping rate requires financial planning

Artificial insemination suitability: Scottish Terriers are suitable for AI with fresh, chilled, or frozen semen. Given the high C-section rate and need for precise timing, transcervical insemination (TCI) is recommended for frozen semen to maximize the chance of conception during the brief fertile window.

Breeding Age and Timeline

Female first heat: Scottish Terrier females typically experience their first heat between 4-7 months of age. Heat cycles then occur approximately every 6-7 months.

Recommended first breeding age:

• Females: After the second heat, typically 18-24 months. This allows time for full physical maturity and completion of all required health testing.
• Males: 15-18 months, after structural maturity and health clearances.

OFA minimum age: All OFA clearances (patella evaluation) require the dog to be at least 24 months old for permanent certification. DNA tests (vWD, CMO) can be performed at any age but are typically done before the first breeding.

Maximum recommended litters: Limit breeding females to 4 litters maximum over their lifetime to preserve health and quality of life.

Breeding retirement age: Retire females from breeding at 6-7 years of age, even if they remain in good health.

Complete breeding timeline:

1. 18-24 months: Complete all CHIC health testing (vWD DNA, CMO DNA, patella evaluation)
2. First breeding (females after 2nd heat): Progesterone testing begins at day 5 of heat; breed when progesterone reaches 5-8 ng/mL
3. Day 25-30: Ultrasound pregnancy confirmation
4. Day 45: Radiographs to count puppies and assess pelvic fit
5. Day 58-63: Daily temperature monitoring; schedule planned C-section for day 63 (from ovulation)
6. Weeks 1-8: Puppy care, socialization, health checks, first vaccines
7. Week 8-10: Puppy evaluations and placements

Required Health Testing

The Scottish Terrier has a comprehensive CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) program requiring three specific tests. All breeding stock should complete these requirements before being bred.

CHIC Required Tests:

1. vWD DNA Test – Von Willebrand's Disease Type III

• Screens for: A severe blood clotting disorder causing spontaneous hemorrhage or excessive bleeding from minor wounds. Type III is the most severe form and can be fatal.
• Cost: $65 (one-time)
• Test type: DNA swab submitted to an OFA-approved laboratory
• Breeding strategy: Carriers (vWD/N) can be bred to clear dogs (N/N). Never breed two carriers together, as 25% of offspring will be affected (vWD/vWD).

2. CMO DNA Test – Craniomandibular Osteopathy

• Screens for: A painful condition causing excessive bone growth in the jaw (mandible) and skull, occurring in puppies aged 4-7 months. Affected puppies experience severe pain, difficulty eating, drooling, and fever.
• Cost: $65 (one-time)
• Test type: DNA swab
• Breeding strategy: Autosomal recessive. Carriers can be bred to clear dogs. Due to DNA testing availability, affected dogs are now rare.

3. Patella Evaluation – Patellar Luxation

• Screens for: Kneecap dislocation, graded on a scale from normal to grade 4. Even small terriers can develop patellar luxation affecting mobility and causing arthritis.
• Cost: $45 (one-time, submitted after veterinary examination)
• Test type: Physical examination by a veterinarian; results submitted to OFA
• Minimum age: 24 months for permanent certification

Total CHIC cost per dog: $175

Additional Recommended Tests (not required for CHIC but valuable):

Autoimmune Thyroiditis Panel – $105 Hypothyroidism is moderately prevalent in Scottish Terriers (ranked #65 among breeds by OFA). Testing breeding stock helps identify subclinical disease.

ACVO Eye Examination – $55 Screens for hereditary eye diseases. While not part of CHIC, annual eye exams identify issues that may not be detected in routine examinations.

Serum Bile Acid Test – $150 Screens for liver shunt and liver dysfunction, which can occur in Scottish Terriers. Affected puppies are small, unthrifty, and show neurological symptoms after eating.

Kidney Screen (Urine Protein:Creatinine Ratio) – $75 Early detection of kidney disease, which can have hereditary components.

Health testing best practices:

• Complete all DNA tests before the first breeding (results are lifetime)
• Patella evaluations at 24 months minimum
• Maintain health testing records in OFA database for transparency
• Retest thyroid panels if breeding a dog beyond age 5

Hereditary Health Conditions

Scottish Terriers face several significant hereditary health conditions, with bladder cancer being the most critical concern for the breed.

Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) – Bladder Cancer

Prevalence: Very high – Scottish Terriers are 21 times more likely to develop TCC than other breeds. Approximately 18-20% of Scottish Terriers will develop this cancer.

Inheritance mode: Polygenic with environmental factors. A BRAF gene mutation has been detected in most TCC cases and is now available as a DNA test.

DNA test available: Yes – BRAF mutation test identifies dogs at higher genetic risk.

Clinical signs: Blood in urine (hematuria), frequent urination, painful urination, straining to urinate. Symptoms typically appear in middle-aged to senior dogs (6-10 years).

Breeding impact: This is the single greatest health threat to the breed. Breeders should consider BRAF testing and avoid breeding dogs with known TCC in close pedigrees. Research into environmental triggers (lawn chemicals, certain flea/tick preventatives) is ongoing. The breed's elevated risk makes early screening essential for all Scottish Terriers.

Von Willebrand's Disease Type III

Prevalence: Previously common, now rare due to DNA testing and responsible breeding.

Inheritance mode: Autosomal recessive.

DNA test available: Yes – part of required CHIC testing.

Clinical signs: Spontaneous hemorrhage, excessive bleeding from minor wounds or during routine procedures (tail docking, dewclaw removal, spay/neuter), potential death from blood loss.

Age of onset: Symptoms appear when injury or surgery occurs, from puppyhood through adulthood.

Breeding impact: Never breed two carriers together. Carriers (vWD/N) bred to clear dogs (N/N) will produce 50% carriers and 50% clear puppies. Thanks to widespread testing, affected puppies are now extremely rare.

Scottie Cramp

Prevalence: Moderate – considered the most widespread hereditary disorder in the breed after TCC.

Inheritance mode: Suspected autosomal recessive (research ongoing).

DNA test available: No.

Clinical signs: Episodic muscle cramping triggered by exercise, excitement, or stress. Dogs experience back arching, stiff gait, and temporary immobility. Episodes are non-painful and typically last a few minutes. Severity ranges from mild to incapacitating.

Age of onset: 6 months to 1 year.

Breeding impact: Without a DNA test, breeding decisions rely on pedigree analysis. Affected dogs should not be bred. Dogs producing affected puppies should be carefully evaluated before breeding again, and mates should be selected from lines without Scottie Cramp.

Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO)

Prevalence: Rare due to DNA testing.

Inheritance mode: Autosomal recessive.

DNA test available: Yes – part of required CHIC testing.

Clinical signs: Painful swelling of the jaw bones, difficulty eating, fever, drooling. Bone growth typically stops around 11-13 months, and some dogs experience resolution of symptoms.

Age of onset: 4-7 months.

Breeding impact: Same as vWD – never breed two carriers. Due to DNA testing, affected puppies are now rare.

Cerebellar Abiotrophy

Prevalence: Rare.

Inheritance mode: Unknown.

DNA test available: No.

Clinical signs: Progressive incoordination, wobbly gait, difficulty running, balance issues. This is a degenerative neurological condition with no treatment.

Age of onset: Several months to years.

Breeding impact: Affected dogs should not be bred. Pedigree analysis is the only available tool.

Portosystemic Shunt (Liver Shunt)

Prevalence: Low to moderate.

Inheritance mode: Unknown, but suspected hereditary component.

DNA test available: No.

Clinical signs: Small, unthrifty puppy; poor growth; neurological symptoms (head pressing, circling, disorientation) especially after eating. Diagnosed via bile acid testing and liver ultrasound or CT scan.

Age of onset: Puppyhood (first few months).

Breeding impact: Affected puppies should not be bred. Breeders should avoid repeating pairings that produce shunt-affected puppies. The serum bile acid test (recommended) can screen breeding stock.

Hypothyroidism

Prevalence: Moderate – Scottish Terriers rank #65 among breeds in OFA thyroid database.

Inheritance mode: Polygenic.

DNA test available: No.

Clinical signs: Weight gain despite normal eating, lethargy, bilateral hair loss (often symmetrical), skin infections, intolerance to cold.

Age of onset: Middle age (4-6 years).

Breeding impact: Thyroid panels (recommended) help identify subclinical disease before breeding. Dogs with autoimmune thyroiditis should ideally not be bred.

Color and Coat Genetics

The Scottish Terrier presents in three accepted color patterns: black, wheaten, and brindle. Unlike breeds with complex color genetics and numerous disqualifications, Scottish Terrier color genetics are relatively straightforward, though understanding the genetic basis helps breeders plan litters.

AKC accepted colors:

• Black: Solid black without white markings. The most common and iconic Scottie color.
• Wheaten: Ranges from pale straw to deep reddish-gold. A recessive color that requires two wheaten genes.
• Brindle: Any color brindle pattern (typically darker brindle stripes over wheaten or gray base).

No disqualifying colors: The AKC standard accepts all three colors equally, and there are no color-linked disqualifications.

Relevant genetic loci:

Agouti (A locus): Controls distribution of black and red/yellow pigment. The wheaten color is controlled here.

Extension (E locus): Determines if dark pigment can be produced.

K locus (Dominant Black): The dominant black allele (KB) produces solid black Scottish Terriers. Most black Scotties are KB/KB or KB/ky.

Brindle: Controlled by the kbr allele at the K locus. Brindle (kbr/kbr or kbr/ky) creates striped patterns.

B locus (Brown): Not commonly seen in Scottish Terriers, as the breed standard focuses on black-based pigment.

D locus (Dilution): Dilute colors (blue, fawn) are not standard colors and should be avoided in breeding programs.

Common genotypes:

• Black Scottie: KB/KB or KB/ky (dominant black)
• Brindle Scottie: kbr/kbr or kbr/ky
• Wheaten Scottie: ky/ky with agouti genes for red/fawn expression

Breeding color predictions:

• Black × Black: Typically produces all black puppies, unless both carry recessive brindle or wheaten genes.
• Wheaten × Wheaten: Produces all wheaten puppies.
• Black × Wheaten: Produces black puppies if the black parent is KB/KB. May produce wheaten or brindle if recessive genes are present.
• Brindle × Brindle: Produces brindle puppies, with possible wheaten if both carry ky/ky.

Health-linked colors: The Scottish Terrier standard does not have colors associated with health defects. However, breeders should avoid producing dilute colors (blue, fawn) through the D locus, as dilution can be associated with Color Dilution Alopecia (CDA).

Color testing: DNA color testing through laboratories like Embark or Animal Genetics can clarify the genotype of breeding stock, particularly useful when planning litter color outcomes or identifying carriers of recessive colors.

Selecting Breeding Stock

Selecting breeding stock for Scottish Terriers requires balancing conformation priorities, health testing results, genetic diversity, and temperament. The breed's health challenges make selection decisions particularly critical.

Conformation priorities from the standard:

1. Head type and expression: The long, powerful head with keen, piercing expression is the hallmark of breed type. Evaluate skull-to-muzzle proportions carefully. Avoid round, prominent, or light eyes; these dramatically alter expression.

2. Coat texture: Hard, dense, wiry coat with soft undercoat. Hand-strip sample areas to evaluate true coat quality. Soft, silky, or open coats are serious faults.

3. Front assembly: Good forechest, well-laid shoulders, and straight front legs. Poor front assembly affects movement and type.

4. Body proportions: Short-coupled body approximately 11 inches in length from point of shoulder to set-on of tail. Level topline held on the move.

5. Rear angulation: Well-bent stifles providing drive. Straight rears lack the power required for the breed's original function.

6. Bone and substance: Appropriate bone and substance for size. Scottish Terriers should feel solid and compact, not refined or fragile.

Common faults to select against:

• Soft or open coat (serious fault)
• Long, narrow head resembling a Collie type
• Light, round, or prominent eyes
• High tail set (disrupts level topline appearance)
• Long back or leggy appearance
• Lack of substance and bone for size
• Timid or aggressive temperament

Temperament evaluation: Scottish Terriers should be bold, confident, alert, and dignified. The breed is known for independence and determination but should never be unprovoked aggressive or fearful. Temperament is highly heritable. Avoid breeding dogs showing extreme shyness, fear-based aggression, or unstable reactions to normal stimuli.

Genetic diversity and COI targets:

The breed's average coefficient of inbreeding (COI) is 8.5%, which is moderate but indicates the breed has lost some genetic diversity. Target a COI of under 6.25% for each litter to preserve genetic health and reduce the risk of inherited diseases.

Use tools like the Institute of Canine Biology's COI calculator or the AKC's online pedigree database to calculate COI before breeding.

Given the breed's elevated cancer risk, preserving genetic diversity is especially important. Avoid popular sire syndrome and line-breeding on dogs with TCC in close pedigrees.

Stud selection criteria:

• Full CHIC clearances (vWD clear or carrier, CMO clear or carrier, patella normal)
• BRAF TCC genetic test (clear or lower risk preferred)
• Correct breed type with hard coat, proper head, and level topline
• Sound temperament
• Complementary to the female in structure and pedigree
• COI calculation under 6.25% for the planned litter
• Proven fertility (for experienced studs)

Stud fee range: $800-$2,000 depending on the stud's titles, health testing, and producing record.

Show quality vs. breeding quality: Not every Scottish Terrier with health clearances should be bred. Ideal breeding stock combines health clearances, correct breed type, sound temperament, and contributes to genetic diversity. Show quality dogs have been evaluated by judges for breed type, but pet-quality dogs with excellent health clearances and pedigrees may also have breeding value in limited circumstances.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Planned C-section is the recommended whelping method for Scottish Terriers given the 60% C-section rate. Many breeders schedule surgical delivery at day 63 (from confirmed ovulation via progesterone testing) to avoid emergency situations.

Breed-specific whelping complications:

• Large puppy heads relative to dam's pelvis: The primary cause of dystocia (difficult birth). Even when litter size is average, individual puppy size can make vaginal delivery impossible.
• Smaller litter sizes → larger individual puppies: Litters of 3-4 puppies often have larger individuals than litters of 7-8.
• Uterine inertia: Can occur, particularly in older females or those with previous difficult births.
• Close veterinary monitoring essential: Establish a relationship with a veterinary surgeon before breeding. Have emergency contact numbers available 24/7.

Whelping preparation timeline:

• Day 55: Have whelping supplies ready (heating pads, towels, bulb syringe, scale, emergency contact numbers).
• Day 58: Begin twice-daily temperature monitoring. Normal temperature is 100-102°F. A drop to 98-99°F indicates whelping will occur within 24 hours.
• Day 60-61: Confirm C-section scheduling with veterinary surgeon.
• Day 63 (from ovulation): Planned C-section.

If attempting natural whelping: Stage 1 labor (restlessness, nesting, temperature drop) can last 6-24 hours. Stage 2 (active pushing) should produce a puppy within 30-60 minutes. If pushing continues beyond 60 minutes without a puppy, or more than 2 hours elapse between puppies, seek emergency veterinary assistance immediately.

Average birth weight:

• Males: 6-8 ounces
• Females: 5-7 ounces

Neonatal care specific to Scottish Terriers:

Daily weight gain target: 5-10% of body weight daily during the first week. Weigh puppies twice daily for the first week, then daily through week 3. Stagnant weight or weight loss indicates a problem requiring immediate intervention.

Supplemental feeding: If puppies are not gaining adequately, supplement with puppy milk replacer using a bottle or tube feeding. Consult a veterinarian experienced with neonates.

Temperature regulation: Newborn puppies cannot regulate body temperature for the first 2 weeks. Maintain whelping box ambient temperature at 85-90°F for the first week, then gradually reduce to 75-80°F by week 3.

Monitor for fading puppy syndrome: Early signs include crying, failure to nurse, lethargy, hypothermia, and falling behind litter mates in weight. Fading puppies require immediate veterinary care. Causes can include congenital defects, infections, hypoglycemia, or hypothermia.

Dewclaw/tail/ear practices:

• Dewclaw removal: Not standard practice in Scottish Terriers. Front dewclaws are left intact; rear dewclaws (rare) are typically removed.
• Tail docking: Not done. Scottish Terriers have natural tails.
• Ear cropping: Not done. Ears are naturally erect or semi-erect.

Puppy Development Milestones

Scottish Terrier puppies develop through predictable stages, though individual variation exists. Understanding developmental milestones helps breeders time socialization, health interventions, and evaluation.

Weekly growth expectations:

Birth (Week 0): Males 6-8 oz, females 5-7 oz. Puppies should double birth weight by day 10.

Week 1: Eyes and ears closed. Puppies nurse and sleep. Weight gain should be steady daily. Males reach approximately 14 oz, females 12 oz.

Week 2: Eyes begin opening (days 10-14). Puppies begin responding to sound by end of week. Weight continues steady climb.

Week 3: Teeth begin erupting. Puppies begin walking (wobbly at first). Introduction of puppy mush (soaked kibble blended with puppy milk replacer). Males approximately 2 lbs, females 1.8 lbs.

Week 4: Rapid development of coordination and social behavior. Puppies play with litter mates. Begin early socialization with gentle handling and varied gentle stimuli. Males approximately 2.75 lbs, females 2.5 lbs.

Week 5-6: Weaning begins in earnest. Offer softened puppy food multiple times daily. Introduce potty training (puppies naturally avoid soiling nest). Critical socialization window (3-14 weeks) is in full swing – expose puppies to varied people, gentle sounds, surfaces, and experiences.

Week 7: First DHPP vaccine and deworming. Puppies eating solid food, nursing decreasing. Socialization continues.

Week 8: Primary structural evaluation age. Assess head type, coat texture (hand-strip to evaluate), body proportions, front assembly, and temperament. Early puppy evaluations are not definitive, but provide guidance for show vs. pet placement. Males approximately 6.5 lbs, females 6 lbs.

Week 9-10: Go-home age. Puppies should be fully weaned, eating solid food well, have received first vaccine and deworming, and demonstrate confident, social temperament. Provide new owners with health records, feeding instructions, socialization recommendations, and AKC registration paperwork.

Key developmental windows:

Socialization window (3-14 weeks): The critical period for socialization. Puppies should experience:

• Multiple gentle people (men, women, children supervised)
• Varied surfaces (grass, gravel, tile, carpet)
• Household sounds (vacuum, TV, doorbell, kitchen noises)
• Car rides
• Gentle novel objects
• Positive reinforcement training foundations (name recognition, crate introduction, potty training)

Fear imprint period (8-10 weeks): A sensitive period where frightening experiences can have lasting impact. Avoid overwhelming stimuli or traumatic experiences during this window. Maintain positive, gentle socialization.

Second fear imprint period (6-14 months): Adolescent dogs may exhibit sudden fear of previously accepted stimuli. Provide patient, positive reinforcement during this phase.

Adult size achievement: Scottish Terriers reach adult height (10 inches) by 10-12 months, though they continue filling out and developing muscle until 18-24 months.

Structural re-evaluation: Evaluate puppies again at 6 months to assess adult structure more accurately. Head type, proportions, and coat quality become more defined. This is the age for making final show vs. breeding prospect decisions.

Breeding Economics

Breeding Scottish Terriers responsibly is rarely profitable when all costs are accounted for, particularly given the high C-section rate. Understanding the complete financial picture is essential for planning.

Complete cost breakdown for one litter:

Pre-breeding costs (both parents):

• Health testing (dam): $175 (vWD, CMO, patella)
• Health testing (sire): $175 (if you own the stud)
• Total health testing (assuming outside stud already tested): $175

Breeding costs:

• Stud fee: $1,200 (average; range $800-$2,000)
• Progesterone testing: $500 (6-8 tests to pinpoint ovulation)
• Breeding-related travel (if shipping female or using chilled AI): Variable ($200-$800)

Prenatal care:

• Ultrasound confirmation (day 28): $75-$150
• Radiographs to count puppies (day 45): $100-$150
• Routine prenatal vet checks: $50-$100
• High-quality prenatal nutrition: Included in food costs below
• Total prenatal care: ~$300

Whelping costs:

• Natural whelping (if attempted): $500 (emergency supplies, potential vet assistance for minor issues)
• Planned C-section: $2,000 (surgical fees, anesthesia, monitoring, post-op care)
• Emergency C-section: $2,500-$4,000 (after-hours emergency fees)

Given the 60% C-section rate, budget for planned C-section at $2,000.

Puppy care costs (assuming 5 puppies):

• Puppy vet care (exams, first vaccines, deworming × 5): $500 ($100 per puppy)
• Food for dam and puppies (prenatal through 8 weeks): $400
• Whelping supplies (pads, bedding, scale, thermometer, emergency supplies): Included in food/supply budget
• AKC litter registration and individual puppy registrations: $200

Marketing and placement:

• Photography: $100
• Website/advertising: $100
• Total marketing: Included in registration/marketing budget

Total cost (with planned C-section): ~$5,450

Revenue (average litter of 5 puppies):

• Pet-quality puppies: $1,500 each
• Show-quality puppies (limited): $2,500 each
• Average per puppy (mostly pet placements): $1,500
• 5 puppies × $1,500: $7,500

Net per litter (average): $7,500 revenue - $5,450 costs = $2,050 profit

Financial realities:

Emergency C-section scenario: If an emergency C-section is needed instead of planned ($2,500-$4,000 vs. $2,000), costs increase by $500-$2,000, reducing profit to $50-$1,550.

Smaller litter scenario (3 puppies): Revenue drops to $4,500 (3 × $1,500). Total costs remain similar (slightly reduced puppy vet costs: $300 instead of $500). Net result: $4,500 - $5,250 = -$750 loss.

Larger litter scenario (7 puppies): Revenue increases to $10,500. Puppy costs increase to $700. Net result: $10,500 - $5,650 = $4,850 profit.

Not included in these calculations:

• Time investment: Hundreds of hours for whelping, puppy care, socialization, communications with puppy buyers, and post-placement support.
• Facility costs: Whelping area, puppy pen, heating, utilities.
• Unforeseen medical costs: Complications, fading puppy syndrome, emergency vet care.
• Show expenses (if campaigning the dam or sire to prove breeding quality).

Economic conclusions for Scottish Terrier breeders:

With a 60% C-section rate and moderate litter sizes, breeding Scottish Terriers is financially marginal. A breeder might break even or see modest profit on an uncomplicated planned C-section litter of 5-6 puppies. Emergency C-sections or small litters often result in financial loss.

This is not a profitable hobby. Responsible breeders breed to improve the breed, preserve type and health, and provide well-socialized puppies to good homes. The financial return rarely compensates for the time, stress, and expertise required.

Breeder Resources

Parent club:

Scottish Terrier Club of America (STCA) Website: https://stca.biz/

The STCA provides:

• Breeder directory and mentor matching
• Health research updates and CHIC program details
• Educational articles on grooming, coat care, and breed history
• National specialty show information
• Regional club contacts

Regional clubs:

The STCA has regional member clubs across the United States. Contact the national club to find your regional chapter for mentorship, breeding advice, and local events.

AKC Breeder Programs:

AKC Breeder of Merit: Recognizes breeders who demonstrate a commitment to health testing, continuing education, and breed improvement. Requirements include CHIC testing on all breeding stock and AKC registration.

AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T. Program: Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, Tradition. A program certifying responsible breeding practices.

Recommended books:

• The Complete Scottish Terrier by John Marvin – Comprehensive breed guide covering history, standard, and breeding.
• Scottish Terrier Champions 1933-2007 by Jan Linzy – Visual reference of champion dogs and historical pedigrees.
• The Scottish Terrier: An Owner's Guide to a Happy Healthy Pet – Practical care and training guide.

Online communities and forums:

• Scottish Terrier Club of America Facebook Group – Active community for breed discussion, health updates, and breeder networking.
• Scottish Terrier Talk Forum – Online discussion forum for Scottie enthusiasts.
• STCA Breeder Education Resources – Webinars, articles, and mentorship programs available through the national club website.

Health research organizations:

• OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals): Health testing database for hips, elbows, patellas, eyes, cardiac, and DNA tests. www.ofa.org
• CHIC (Canine Health Information Center): Scottish Terrier CHIC requirements and breed-specific health information. www.caninehealthinfo.org
• AKC Canine Health Foundation: Funds research into hereditary diseases including cancer in Scottish Terriers. www.akcchf.org

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Scottish Terriers typically have?

Scottish Terriers average 5 puppies per litter, with a typical range of 4-6 puppies. Smaller litters (3-4 puppies) and larger litters (7-9 puppies) occur but are less common. Litter size can vary based on the dam's age, health, and genetics. First-time mothers sometimes have smaller litters.

Do Scottish Terriers need C-sections?

Yes, Scottish Terriers have a 60% C-section rate, one of the highest among terrier breeds. The primary cause is disproportionately large puppy heads relative to the dam's pelvic structure. Many experienced breeders schedule planned C-sections at day 63 (from ovulation confirmed by progesterone testing) rather than risking emergency surgery. Planned C-sections have better outcomes than emergency procedures.

What health tests are required for breeding Scottish Terriers?

The CHIC program requires three tests: vWD DNA test (Von Willebrand's Disease Type III, $65), CMO DNA test (Craniomandibular Osteopathy, $65), and Patella Evaluation ($45). Total CHIC cost is $175 per dog. Additional recommended tests include thyroid panel ($105), eye exam ($55), bile acid test for liver function ($150), and kidney screening ($75). The BRAF TCC genetic test is also highly recommended given the breed's elevated bladder cancer risk.

How much does it cost to breed Scottish Terriers?

A typical litter costs approximately $5,450, including health testing ($175), stud fee ($1,200), progesterone testing ($500), prenatal care ($300), planned C-section ($2,000), puppy vet care for 5 puppies ($500), food ($400), and registration ($200). Emergency C-sections add $500-$2,000 to costs. With average puppy prices of $1,500 and a litter of 5, revenue is approximately $7,500, yielding a net profit of ~$2,050. Smaller litters or emergency C-sections can result in financial loss.

At what age can you breed a Scottish Terrier?

Females should be bred after their second heat, typically 18-24 months of age. This allows time for physical maturity and completion of all health testing. Males can be bred at 15-18 months after reaching structural maturity and obtaining health clearances. OFA requires dogs to be at least 24 months old for permanent patella certification, so breeding at 18 months requires provisional results or delaying breeding until 24 months for permanent clearances.

How much do Scottish Terrier puppies cost?

Pet-quality Scottish Terrier puppies from health-tested parents typically cost $1,500. Show-quality puppies from titled parents with extensive health testing can range from $2,000-$2,500. Puppies from less expensive sources (backyard breeders, puppy mills) may cost $800-$1,200 but often lack health testing, early socialization, and breeder support. The price difference reflects health testing investment, veterinary care, and responsible breeding practices.

What are the most common health problems in Scottish Terriers?

The most critical health concern is Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC), a bladder cancer affecting 18-20% of Scottish Terriers (21 times the rate of other breeds). Other significant conditions include Scottie Cramp (episodic muscle cramping, 12% prevalence), Von Willebrand's Disease Type III (blood clotting disorder, now rare due to DNA testing), hypothyroidism (8% prevalence), and Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO, rare due to DNA testing). Portosystemic shunt and cerebellar abiotrophy occur but are less common.

Is breeding Scottish Terriers profitable?

Breeding Scottish Terriers is rarely profitable when all costs are accounted for. With a 60% C-section rate ($2,000 for planned surgery), average litter size of 5 puppies, and total costs around $5,450 per litter, a breeder might see a modest profit of $2,000-$2,500 on an uncomplicated litter. However, emergency C-sections, small litters (3-4 puppies), or health complications often result in financial loss. Time investment (hundreds of hours) and facility costs are typically not compensated. Responsible breeders breed for breed improvement and preservation, not profit.

What is Scottie Cramp and can it be tested for?

Scottie Cramp is an episodic muscle cramping disorder triggered by exercise, excitement, or stress. Affected dogs experience back arching, stiff gait, and temporary immobility lasting a few minutes. Episodes are non-painful and do not shorten lifespan, but can range from mild to incapacitating. It appears in puppies aged 6 months to 1 year and is suspected to be autosomal recessive. Unfortunately, no DNA test is currently available. Breeding decisions rely on pedigree analysis. Affected dogs should not be bred, and pairings producing affected puppies should be carefully reconsidered.

Why do Scottish Terriers have such a high cancer risk?

Scottish Terriers are 21 times more likely to develop Transitional Cell Carcinoma (bladder cancer) than other breeds, with 18-20% of the breed affected. The exact cause is unknown, but research has identified a BRAF gene mutation present in most TCC cases. Environmental factors (lawn chemicals, certain flea/tick preventatives) may also contribute. A DNA test for the BRAF mutation is now available and helps identify dogs at higher genetic risk. Breeders should avoid breeding dogs with TCC in close pedigrees and consider BRAF testing as part of their health screening protocol.

Can Scottish Terriers whelp naturally?

While 40% of Scottish Terriers do whelp naturally, the 60% C-section rate makes natural whelping unpredictable. Large puppy heads relative to the dam's pelvis are the primary cause of dystocia. Some bloodlines have lower C-section rates, but individual litters are difficult to predict. Many experienced breeders opt for planned C-sections at day 63 to avoid the risks and higher costs of emergency surgery. If attempting natural whelping, close veterinary monitoring is essential, and emergency surgical support must be immediately available.

How do I reduce the risk of bladder cancer in my breeding program?

Given the breed's 21x elevated TCC risk, breeders should take several steps: (1) BRAF gene mutation testing on all breeding stock to identify high-risk dogs; (2) avoid breeding dogs with TCC in close pedigrees (parents, siblings, offspring); (3) educate puppy buyers about early screening (urinalysis starting at age 6) for early detection; (4) avoid environmental risk factors when possible (minimize lawn chemical exposure); (5) support ongoing research through the AKC Canine Health Foundation and STCA health initiatives. While TCC cannot be entirely eliminated from the breed at present, informed breeding decisions can reduce risk.