Breeding Bedlington Terriers

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Bedlington Terriers requires navigating one of the most critical hereditary health challenges in purebred dogs: copper toxicosis. This lamb-like terrier combines elegance with tenacity, but responsible breeding hinges on mandatory DNA testing for copper storage disease and careful selection for the breed's unique roached topline and pear-shaped head. This guide covers the complete breeding timeline, health testing protocols, genetic considerations, and economic realities for this rare breed ranked 152nd in AKC popularity.

Breed Overview

The Bedlington Terrier originated in the mining town of Bedlington, Northumberland, England in the early 19th century. Named after the town, these dogs were developed by miners and nailers to hunt vermin and poach game. Their unique lamb-like appearance belies their terrier heritage as tenacious hunters. The breed was refined over generations, combining traits from Whippets, Dandie Dinmont Terriers, and other local terrier types to create a dog with both speed and determination.

By the mid-1800s, the breed was established and gaining popularity among English gentry for both companionship and competitive rat-killing contests. The first Bedlington Terrier registered in America was Tynesider II in 1883, with AKC recognition following in 1886—making it one of the earliest recognized terrier breeds. The Bedlington Terrier Club of America was formally organized in 1932 and admitted to the AKC in 1936.

The breed was originally developed for vermin hunting in mines, rabbit and otter hunting, poaching game, and racing. Today, Bedlington Terriers rank 152nd in AKC popularity with stable registration trends. The small breed population presents both challenges and opportunities for breeders committed to preserving this distinctive breed while managing its significant hereditary health concerns.

The Bedlington Terrier Club of America serves as the parent club, providing breeder resources, health information, and breed education. Unlike more popular terrier breeds such as the Cairn Terrier or West Highland White Terrier, Bedlington Terrier breeders work within a limited gene pool that demands careful attention to genetic diversity and health testing.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

The Bedlington Terrier is a graceful, lithe, well-balanced dog with no sign of coarseness, weakness, or shelliness. The hallmark of the breed is the characteristic roached topline—a graceful arch over the loin that creates a flexible, distinctive silhouette. This structural feature is non-negotiable in breeding stock; a flat or steep topline represents a serious fault that undermines breed type.

The whole head is pear-shaped or wedge-shaped, with proper fill under the eyes and no stop. This unique head shape, combined with small, almond-shaped eyes that are well-sunk and dark in color, creates the breed's distinctive expression—mild and gentle in repose, but alert and courageous when aroused. Yellow eyes constitute a serious fault.

Size specifications:

• Males: 16-17.5 inches tall, 17-23 pounds
• Females: 15-16.5 inches tall, 17-23 pounds

Despite their lamb-like appearance, Bedlington Terriers are true terriers with speed, stamina, and determination. The body is slightly longer than tall, with the arched back and tucked-up loin creating the graceful, flexible build essential for the breed's original hunting and racing purposes.

Coat texture is critical: The correct coat is a distinctive linty texture—a mixture of hard and soft hair that stands well out from the skin. The topknot should be lighter in color than the body. Soft, woolly, or harsh coat textures are serious faults that should not be perpetuated in breeding programs.

Movement should be light and springy with good reach and drive, demonstrating the breed's heritage as an agile hunter and racer. Straight, stilted movement lacking flexibility is undesirable.

Disqualifications:

• Any color or combination of colors not specifically listed in the standard (blue, sandy, liver, blue and tan, sandy and tan, liver and tan)

Serious faults to avoid in breeding stock:

• Over or undershot jaw
• Flat or steep topline (lacking characteristic arch)
• Narrow or weak hindquarters
• Out at elbows
• Yellow eyes
• Soft, woolly, or harsh coat texture
• Excessive timidity or viciousness

Reproductive Profile

Bedlington Terriers have an average litter size of 4 puppies, with typical litters ranging from 3-6 puppies. This relatively small litter size compared to larger terrier breeds impacts breeding economics and requires careful planning to ensure profitability while maintaining high health standards.

The C-section rate is approximately 15%, which is moderate for terrier breeds and significantly lower than brachycephalic breeds. Most Bedlington Terriers whelp naturally without complications, though first-time dams may need assistance due to inexperience. Small litter sizes occasionally result in larger individual puppy size, which can complicate natural delivery.

Fertility challenges specific to the breed include:

• Small breed population (ranked 152/200) limits breeding partner selection and complicates finding unrelated, health-tested mates
• Copper toxicosis genetic screening complicates breeding decisions—breeders must avoid carrier-to-carrier matings that risk producing affected puppies
• Reproductive problems noted in UK health surveys as the most common health issue, though specific causes are not well-documented
• Relatively small litter sizes compared to breeds like the Border Terrier, which averages 4-5 puppies but from a much larger breeding population

Artificial insemination suitability: Natural breeding is preferred and typically successful. Fresh AI is used when distance or timing requires it. Chilled AI is viable with proper progesterone timing. Frozen AI is less common due to the small breed population but is possible with careful timing and progesterone testing. The small gene pool makes fresh chilled semen valuable for accessing distant bloodlines while maintaining genetic diversity.

Breeding Age and Timeline

First heat timing: Female Bedlington Terriers typically experience their first heat between 6-10 months of age. However, breeding at this age is not recommended.

Recommended first breeding age:

• Females: 24 months minimum (after the 2nd or 3rd heat and all health clearances complete). This allows full physical maturity and completion of all required health testing, including copper toxicosis DNA testing, patella evaluation, and eye exams.
• Males: 18-24 months (after preliminary health screening and physical maturity). Males should have completed copper toxicosis DNA testing and preliminary structural evaluation before being used at stud.

OFA minimum age: 24 months for patella evaluation, which is a CHIC requirement. Annual eye exams (CAER) can begin earlier but must be current.

Breeding career limits:

• Maximum recommended litters per female: 5 litters
• Retirement age: 6-7 years

Given small average litter sizes (4 puppies) and the need to manage genetic diversity in a rare breed, responsible breeders typically plan 3-4 litters per female rather than the maximum, spacing litters at least 12-18 months apart to allow full recovery.

Complete breeding timeline:

1. Birth to 12 months: Puppy development, socialization, basic training
2. 12-18 months: Preliminary health screening begins (thyroid, cardiac); structural evaluation; show/performance activities to assess quality
3. 18-24 months: Complete all CHIC requirements (copper toxicosis DNA test, patella OFA, eye exam CAER); final decision on breeding suitability
4. 24+ months: First breeding after all clearances obtained and physical maturity confirmed
5. 2-6 years: Breeding career with appropriate spacing between litters
6. 6-7 years: Retirement from breeding

This timeline ensures that breeding stock is fully health tested, structurally sound, and mentally mature before producing the next generation.

Required Health Testing

All Bedlington Terrier breeding stock must complete the CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) requirements before breeding. CHIC certification demonstrates a breeder's commitment to health testing, though it does not guarantee that dogs are free from disease—it certifies that specific tests were performed and results publicly registered.

CHIC Required Tests:

OFA Patella Evaluation (one-time, minimum age 24 months)

• Screens for: Patellar luxation (kneecap dislocation)
• Estimated cost: $65
• Procedure: Veterinary orthopedic examination; results registered with OFA
• Importance: Patellar luxation is a moderate concern in the breed and can impact soundness and quality of life

OFA Eye Exam (CAER) (annual)

• Screens for: Retinal dysplasia, cataracts, progressive retinal atrophy, distichiasis, and other hereditary eye diseases
• Estimated cost: $85 per exam
• Procedure: Examination by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist; results registered with OFA
• Importance: Retinal dysplasia is a significant concern in Bedlington Terriers, with breed predisposition to total retinal dysplasia that causes blindness. Annual exams are required to maintain CHIC status.

Copper Toxicosis DNA Test (one-time)

• Screens for: Copper storage disease genetic variants (COMMD1 deletion and ATP7B variants)
• Estimated cost: $98
• Available through: VetGen, Embark, other canine DNA testing labs
• Importance: This is the most critical health test for Bedlington Terriers. Copper toxicosis has historically affected 33-66% of the breed, though selective breeding has reduced prevalence to approximately 11% in well-managed populations. The DNA test identifies:
  • Clear/Normal (N/N): Dog does not carry the mutation and will not develop copper toxicosis or pass it to offspring
  • Carrier (N/CT): Dog carries one copy of the mutation but will not develop disease; can pass mutation to 50% of offspring
  • Affected (CT/CT): Dog carries two copies and will develop copper storage hepatopathy, typically between 2-7 years of age
• Breeding recommendations: Never breed two carriers together (N/CT x N/CT), as this produces 25% affected puppies. Breeding clear to carrier (N/N x N/CT) produces 50% carriers but no affected dogs. Breeding clear to clear (N/N x N/N) produces 100% clear offspring.

Total estimated cost for CHIC requirements: $248 (one-time patella + one annual eye exam + one-time DNA test). Factor in annual eye exams throughout the dog's breeding career.

Additional Recommended Tests (Not CHIC Required but Prudent):

OFA Cardiac Exam (Auscultation)

• Screens for: Congenital and acquired heart disease
• Estimated cost: $95
• Recommended: Baseline exam before breeding; repeat if abnormalities detected

Thyroid Panel (OFA)

• Screens for: Hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis
• Estimated cost: $85
• Importance: Hypothyroidism is moderately prevalent in the breed; thyroid disease can impact fertility and overall health

Renal Function Panel

• Screens for: Renal cortical hypoplasia and other kidney abnormalities
• Estimated cost: $120
• Importance: Renal cortical hypoplasia is documented in Bedlington Terriers as a rare but serious congenital condition. Baseline renal function screening is prudent before breeding.

Total recommended testing cost per dog: $428 (including all recommended tests)

Hereditary Health Conditions

Copper Toxicosis (Copper Storage Hepatopathy)

Prevalence: Historically 33-66% in untested populations; reduced to 11% in the Netherlands through selective DNA testing. Estimated 25% affected in untested populations with 50% carriers based on autosomal recessive inheritance patterns.

Inheritance mode: Autosomal recessive, primarily caused by a deletion in the COMMD1 gene. Additional complexity from ATP7B (c.4358G>A) variant and two ABCA12 SNP splice variants identified in 2023 research suggests multiple genetic factors may influence copper metabolism in the breed.

DNA test available: Yes (VetGen, Embark, other labs)—test identifies COMMD1 deletion status

Clinical signs: Copper accumulates in the liver over years, causing chronic progressive hepatitis that leads to cirrhosis. Symptoms include jaundice, lethargy, weight loss, vomiting, ascites (fluid accumulation in abdomen), and hemolytic anemia. Many dogs are asymptomatic until severe liver damage occurs. Without dietary copper restriction and chelation therapy, the condition is often fatal.

Age of onset: Highly variable—typically 2-7 years, but can manifest as early as 6 months or as late as 10+ years. Most cases are diagnosed between 4-6 years of age.

Breeding implications: This is the single most important health consideration for Bedlington Terrier breeders. All breeding stock must be DNA tested. Never breed carrier to carrier. Breeding clear to carrier is acceptable and necessary to maintain genetic diversity in this rare breed, but produces 50% carrier puppies that must themselves be tested before breeding.

Retinal Dysplasia

Prevalence: Moderate; the breed is predisposed to total retinal dysplasia (TRD)

Inheritance mode: Hereditary; specific genetic mode not fully determined

DNA test available: No

Clinical signs: Retinal folds (mild), geographic dysplasia (moderate), or total retinal dysplasia with detachment (severe). Total retinal dysplasia results in retinal separation from the underlying membrane, causing severe vision impairment or complete blindness with no available treatment.

Age of onset: Congenital (present at birth); detected on first eye exam at 12-16 weeks when the retina is mature enough to evaluate

Breeding implications: Dogs with total retinal dysplasia should not be bred. Dogs with minor retinal folds require case-by-case evaluation. Annual CAER eye exams throughout breeding career are essential.

Renal Cortical Hypoplasia

Prevalence: Rare to moderate; documented in the breed

Inheritance mode: Suspected hereditary; specific mode unknown

DNA test available: No

Clinical signs: Abnormal kidney development with reduced renal mass. Symptoms include increased thirst and urination (polydipsia/polyuria), poor growth, progressive chronic kidney disease. Management is supportive; there is no cure.

Age of onset: Congenital; symptoms typically appear in puppyhood to young adulthood (under 1 year)

Breeding implications: Affected dogs should not be bred. Siblings and parents should be evaluated with renal function panels before breeding decisions. This condition highlights the value of baseline renal screening.

Patellar Luxation

Prevalence: Moderate (listed as minor concern in breed health surveys)

Inheritance mode: Polygenic with environmental factors

DNA test available: No

Clinical signs: Kneecap dislocation causing intermittent lameness, hopping on three legs, joint pain, and arthritis in severe cases. Graded I-IV based on severity. Mild cases (Grade I-II) often respond to anti-inflammatory medication and weight management; severe cases (Grade III-IV) require surgical correction.

Age of onset: Can be congenital or develop with age; typically detected by 6-12 months on OFA evaluation

Breeding implications: Dogs with Grade III-IV luxation should not be bred. Grade I may be acceptable if all other traits are excellent and patellar health is monitored in offspring.

Distichiasis

Prevalence: Moderate; documented eye condition in breed

Inheritance mode: Hereditary; specific mode unclear

DNA test available: No

Clinical signs: Abnormal eyelashes growing from meibomian gland openings along the eyelid margin, causing chronic eye irritation, excessive tearing, squinting, and corneal ulceration in severe cases. Treatment involves cryotherapy (freezing) or surgical eyelid correction to remove aberrant lashes.

Age of onset: Variable; often detected on routine annual eye exams

Breeding implications: Mild distichiasis without clinical signs may be acceptable in otherwise excellent breeding stock. Severe cases requiring surgical intervention should be excluded from breeding programs.

Hypothyroidism

Prevalence: Moderate; breed has genetic predisposition

Inheritance mode: Polygenic/multifactorial

DNA test available: No

Clinical signs: Weight gain despite normal appetite, lethargy, hair loss (often bilaterally symmetrical), dry skin, cold intolerance, mental dullness. Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in dogs and responds well to daily thyroid hormone replacement medication (levothyroxine).

Age of onset: Typically 4-10 years

Breeding implications: Thyroid function should be evaluated before breeding. Dogs with autoimmune thyroiditis or clinical hypothyroidism requiring medication should ideally not be bred, though the polygenic nature makes absolute exclusion difficult in rare breeds.

Color and Coat Genetics

Bedlington Terrier color genetics are high complexity, involving multiple interacting loci and a unique progressive greying gene that dramatically alters puppy coat color as they mature.

AKC Accepted Colors:

• Blue
• Sandy
• Liver
• Blue and tan
• Sandy and tan
• Liver and tan

Disqualifying Colors:

• Any color or combination not listed above (e.g., black, white, red, brindle)
• Bicolor patterns excluding tan points
• Tricolor

Relevant Genetic Loci:

B locus (TYRP1): Determines whether base pigment is black (B_) or liver/brown (bb). Liver is recessive; two copies required for liver pigmentation.

D locus (MLPH): The dilution gene. One copy (Dd) or two copies (dd) dilute pigment:

• Black (B_ D_) diluted by dd becomes blue
• Liver (bb D_) diluted by dd becomes sandy

All Bedlington Terriers are homozygous for dilution (dd/dd), which is why black and solid liver do not occur—they are always diluted to blue or sandy.

E locus (MC1R): Extension controls expression of pigment. Bedlingtons are typically E_ (allows normal pigment expression).

A locus (ASIP): Agouti controls distribution of pigment. The tan points pattern (at/at or at/a) creates the blue and tan, sandy and tan, or liver and tan varieties.

G locus (Progressive Greying Gene): This is the dominant gene responsible for the Bedlington's unique coat color transformation. Puppies are born with darker coats (dark blue, dark liver/sandy) and progressively lighten over the first 1-2 years of life. The topknot tends to lighten more than the body color, creating the characteristic lighter topknot. This gene is dominant—one copy (Gg or GG) causes progressive greying.

Color Breeding Predictions:

• Blue x Blue: Produces blue or blue and tan (if both carry tan points)
• Sandy x Sandy: Produces sandy or sandy and tan
• Liver x Liver: Produces liver or liver and tan
• Blue x Sandy: Produces blue (if blue parent is B/b) or mix of blue and sandy depending on genotypes
• Tan points breeding: Two copies of tan points allele (at/at) required to express tan markings

Health-Linked Color Concerns:

Blue (dilute) and Color Dilution Alopecia: The dilute gene (D locus) can theoretically be associated with color dilution alopecia (CDA), a condition causing hair loss and poor coat quality in dilute-colored dogs. However, CDA is rare in Bedlington Terriers despite universal dilution, suggesting breed-specific modifying genes protect coat quality. Nonetheless, breeders should monitor for coat thinning or alopecia in dilute-colored lines.

Breeding Strategy: Given that all accepted Bedlington colors are dilute (blue and sandy), breeders cannot avoid the dilution gene. Focus should be on maintaining the correct linty coat texture—a mixture of hard and soft hair—rather than attempting to "breed out" dilution. Soft, woolly coats are a serious fault regardless of color.

Selecting Breeding Stock

Breeding Bedlington Terriers requires balancing rare breed genetic diversity with rigorous health testing and adherence to the breed standard's unique structural requirements.

Conformation Priorities (in order of importance):

Correct roached topline with graceful arch over loin: This is the hallmark structural feature of the breed. A flat, steep, or weak topline is a serious fault that fundamentally alters breed type. Breeding stock must demonstrate the characteristic flexible, arched back from withers through loin.

Pear-shaped head with proper fill under eyes and no stop: The unique head shape defines the breed's expression. Narrow, snipy heads lacking fill under the eyes should be avoided. The skull and muzzle should form a continuous, wedge-shaped or pear-shaped profile with no stop.

Sound movement with light, springy gait showing good reach and drive: Movement demonstrates correct structure. Bedlingtons should move with a light, flexible gait that shows both front extension and rear drive. Straight, stilted movement indicates structural faults (often poor angulation or weak topline).

Correct linty coat texture: The coat should be a distinctive mixture of hard and soft hair that stands well out from the skin—neither soft and woolly nor harsh and wiry. The topknot should be lighter in color than the body.

Moderate bone and balanced substance: Bedlingtons should be neither fine-boned nor coarse. Excessive refinement suggests lack of substance; excessive coarseness destroys the graceful, lithe appearance.

Good angulation front and rear: Proper shoulder layback and rear angulation enable the correct light, springy movement. Straight shoulders and steep rears are common faults.

Correct eye shape, color, and placement: Eyes should be small, almond-shaped, well-sunk, and dark in color. Yellow eyes are a serious fault.

Common Faults to Select Against:

• Flat or weak topline (lacking the characteristic arch)
• Narrow, snipy head lacking proper fill under eyes
• Soft, woolly, or harsh coat texture (should be linty)
• Excessive size or coarseness
• Poor rear angulation and weak hindquarters
• Yellow or light eyes (serious fault)
• Straight, stilted movement lacking spring and flexibility
• Timid or overly aggressive temperament

Temperament Evaluation:

The breed standard calls for a temperament that is "mild and gentle in repose, but full of courage when aroused." This dual nature—calm companion and spirited terrier—is essential to breed type.

Evaluate puppies and adults in multiple contexts:

• Calm home environment: Should be relaxed, gentle, and responsive without excessive shyness
• Stimulating situations: Should show alert interest and confidence without unprovoked aggression
• Interactions with people: Should be friendly or reserved but not fearful
• Interactions with other dogs: Terrier breeds can be dog-selective, but excessive aggression is undesirable
• Novel situations: Should show curiosity and adaptability

Avoid breeding dogs that are excessively timid, shy, or aggressive. Proper socialization assessment should include exposure to various people, dogs, and environments.

Genetic Diversity Considerations:

Average COI (Coefficient of Inbreeding): 8.5%

Target COI: Under 6.25% (equivalent to avoiding mating dogs more closely related than first cousins)

Given the breed's rare status (ranked 152/200 in AKC popularity), maintaining genetic diversity is challenging. Breeders should:

• Calculate COI for all proposed breedings using pedigree databases
• Aim for COI under 6.25% to reduce inbreeding depression
• Consider outcrossing to unrelated lines even if it requires shipping semen or traveling for breeding
• Avoid popular sire syndrome—do not overuse individual males regardless of quality
• Participate in breed-wide diversity efforts and share health testing data openly

Copper Toxicosis Genetic Status (Critical):

All breeding stock must be DNA tested for copper toxicosis. Breeding decisions based on copper status:

• Clear (N/N) x Clear (N/N): 100% clear offspring—ideal but may limit genetic diversity
• Clear (N/N) x Carrier (N/CT): 50% clear, 50% carrier offspring—acceptable and necessary to maintain diversity
• Carrier (N/CT) x Carrier (N/CT): 25% affected, 50% carrier, 25% clear—NEVER BREED THIS COMBINATION
• Affected (CT/CT): Should not be bred under any circumstances

Stud Selection Criteria:

When selecting a stud, prioritize:

1. Copper toxicosis status: Preferably clear (N/N), or carrier (N/CT) if dam is clear
2. All health clearances current: CHIC requirements complete (patella OFA, annual eye CAER)
3. Complementary structure: Stud should correct dam's weaknesses (e.g., if dam has adequate but not excellent topline, select stud with outstanding arch)
4. Pedigree diversity: Low COI with the dam (under 6.25%)
5. Proven production: If possible, evaluate offspring from previous breedings
6. Temperament: Confident, stable temperament compatible with breed standard

Stud Fee Range: $500-$1,200, depending on the stud's show record, health testing, proven production, and demand. Clear (N/N) copper status may command premium fees due to genetic value.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Recommended whelping method: Natural whelping is typical for Bedlington Terriers. The C-section rate is approximately 15%, which is moderate for terrier breeds—significantly lower than brachycephalic breeds with 80%+ rates but higher than breeds like the Airedale Terrier with around 10%.

Breed-Specific Complications:

Small breed population means limited collective breeder experience: With only 152nd ranking in AKC popularity, finding experienced mentors or veterinarians familiar with Bedlington-specific whelping issues can be challenging. New breeders should connect with the Bedlington Terrier Club of America and experienced mentors well before breeding.

Reproductive problems noted as most common health issue in UK surveys: The nature of these reproductive problems is not well-documented, but breeders report occasional fertility issues, resorptions, and small litters. Progesterone testing and veterinary monitoring throughout pregnancy are essential.

Moderate litter sizes (3-6) generally whelp naturally: Litters of 4 puppies on average typically do not cause dystocia (difficult birth) due to excessive puppy numbers. However, small litters may result in larger individual puppy size, which can complicate delivery—monitor for oversized puppies via palpation or ultrasound.

First-time dams may need assistance due to inexperience: Maiden bitches may not immediately recognize whelping instincts. Breeder supervision during whelping is critical to ensure puppies are freed from amniotic sacs, umbilical cords are severed, and puppies are stimulated to breathe.

Copper toxicosis in dam should be ruled out before breeding: Pregnancy and lactation place significant metabolic stress on the liver. Breeding a dam with undiagnosed copper toxicosis risks acute liver failure during pregnancy or whelping. DNA testing and liver enzyme monitoring are essential.

Whelping Setup:

Prepare a clean, quiet whelping box in a low-traffic area. Bedlington Terriers are moderate-sized (17-23 pounds), so a 4' x 4' whelping box with pig rails is appropriate. Maintain ambient temperature of 75-80°F for newborn puppies, gradually decreasing as they mature.

Expected Birth Weights:

• Males: 8-10 ounces
• Females: 7-9 ounces

Puppies significantly smaller than this range (under 6 ounces) may be at risk for fading puppy syndrome and require supplemental feeding and intensive care.

Daily Weight Gain Target: 5-10% of birth weight daily during the first 2 weeks. A puppy born at 8 ounces should gain approximately 0.4-0.8 ounces per day, reaching 12-15 ounces by the end of week 1.

Weigh all puppies daily at the same time on a digital gram scale. Failure to gain weight or weight loss indicates inadequate nursing, illness, or maternal neglect—intervene immediately with supplemental feeding or veterinary consultation.

Fading Puppy Risk Factors:

Monitor closely for:

• Inadequate weight gain or weight loss
• Weak suckling reflex
• Hypothermia (rectal temperature below 95°F in first week)
• Dehydration (skin tenting, sunken eyes)
• Lethargy or constant crying

Supplemental Feeding:

If puppies fail to gain adequately, supplement with commercial puppy milk replacer (e.g., Esbilac) via bottle or tube feeding every 2-3 hours. Calculate feeding volume: approximately 1 cc per ounce of body weight per feeding.

Dewclaw, Tail, and Ear Practices:

Bedlington Terriers are shown naturally:

• Dewclaws: Not removed
• Tail: Not docked
• Ears: Not cropped

This simplifies neonatal care and avoids unnecessary surgical procedures.

Puppy Development Milestones

Week 0 (Birth):

• Birth weight: Males 8-10 oz, Females 7-9 oz
• Puppies are born dark in color (blue puppies are nearly black; sandy puppies are dark brown/liver) due to the progressive greying gene—they will lighten significantly over the first 1-2 years
• Eyes and ears closed
• Limited mobility—crawling reflex to locate dam
• Critical: Ensure all puppies nurse colostrum within first 12-24 hours for antibody transfer

Week 1:

• Weight: Males ~0.94 lbs, Females ~0.88 lbs
• Daily weight checks—should gain 5-10% of body weight daily
• Eyes and ears still closed
• Neonatal reflex period—limited sensory input
• Begin gentle handling to accustom puppies to human touch

Week 2:

• Weight: Males ~1.5 lbs, Females ~1.38 lbs
• Eyes begin to open around day 10-14
• Ears begin to open around day 13-17
• Transitional period begins—increased awareness of surroundings
• Begin nail trimming if nails are sharp (to prevent scratching dam)

Week 3:

• Weight: Males ~2.2 lbs, Females ~2.0 lbs
• Critical socialization window begins (3 weeks)
• Eyes and ears fully open—puppies can see and hear
• Begin standing and walking (wobbly at first)
• First teeth begin to erupt
• Introduce novel sounds, gentle handling, varied surfaces

Week 4:

• Weight: Males ~3.0 lbs, Females ~2.75 lbs
• Begin weaning process gradually: Offer softened puppy food (kibble soaked in warm water or puppy milk replacer) 1-2 times daily; puppies will continue nursing from dam
• Increased mobility and play behavior with littermates
• Begin litter box/potty training—puppies naturally avoid soiling sleeping areas
• Introduce varied stimuli: different surfaces, gentle sounds, human interaction

Week 5:

• Weight: Males ~3.8 lbs, Females ~3.5 lbs
• Increase weaning meals to 3-4 times daily; reduce milk replacer in food as puppies learn to eat solid kibble
• Play behavior intensifies—important for social development and bite inhibition
• Continue socialization: introduce safe, vaccinated adult dogs, varied people (children, men, women), novel objects

Week 6:

• Weight: Males ~4.6 lbs, Females ~4.3 lbs
• Initial structure evaluation age: Assess topline arch, head shape, coat texture, movement, overall balance
• Puppies should be fully weaned or nearly weaned—dam begins to naturally limit nursing
• Increase environmental enrichment: obstacle courses, puzzle toys, crate training begins
• First veterinary health check, deworming

Week 7:

• Weight: Males ~5.5 lbs, Females ~5.1 lbs
• First vaccinations (typically DAP—Distemper, Adenovirus, Parvovirus)
• Temperament testing and individual puppy evaluations
• Socialization continues: car rides, grooming (brushing, nail trimming), varied environments

Week 8:

• Weight: Males ~6.5 lbs, Females ~6.0 lbs
• Typical go-home age for pet puppies: 8-10 weeks is standard
• Puppies should be fully weaned, eating solid puppy food 3-4 times daily
• Crate training, basic leash introduction, continued socialization
• AKC registration paperwork, health records, and puppy contracts prepared

Week 10:

• Weight: Males ~8.5 lbs, Females ~7.8 lbs
• Show-prospect puppies may remain with breeder longer for further evaluation and training
• Second vaccinations (DAP booster)

Week 12:

• Weight: Males ~10.5 lbs, Females ~9.5 lbs
• Third vaccinations (DAP booster, rabies typically given at 12-16 weeks)
• Socialization window closes around 14 weeks—critical period for exposure to diverse experiences

4-6 Months:

• Coat color development assessment: Puppies lighten significantly during this period as the progressive greying gene takes effect. The adult color begins to stabilize.
• Adolescence begins—training consistency is critical
• Continue socialization through 6 months
• Evaluate for show/breeding potential

8-12 Months:

• Final structural assessment for show/breeding prospects
• Full height reached by 12 months (males 16-17.5 inches, females 15-16.5 inches)
• Coat texture matures—linty texture should be evident
• Sexual maturity—females may have first heat

12-18 Months:

• Adult size achieved (height reached by 12 months; may continue filling out and developing muscle until 18 months)
• Coat continues to develop and lighten—full adult coat texture and color mature by 18-24 months

Adult Size Age: 12-18 months for height; may continue filling out and developing coat until 24 months

Evaluation Age: 6-8 weeks for initial structure; 4-6 months for coat color development (as puppies lighten); 8-12 months for final structural assessment

Socialization Window: 3-14 weeks is the critical period for exposure to people, dogs, environments, and novel experiences. Continue socialization through 6 months to reinforce positive associations.

Breeding Economics

Breeding Bedlington Terriers is a financial commitment that requires realistic budgeting. The small average litter size (4 puppies) combined with comprehensive health testing means profitability depends on careful cost management and appropriate puppy pricing.

Cost Breakdown (per litter, assuming natural whelping):

Health Testing (Dam): $248

• Patella OFA: $65 (one-time)
• Eye Exam CAER: $85 (annual—factor in multiple years if breeding dam has multiple litters)
• Copper Toxicosis DNA: $98 (one-time)
• Note: Does not include recommended tests (cardiac, thyroid, renal function); factor additional $300 for comprehensive testing

Stud Fee: $800 (average)

• Range: $500-$1,200 depending on stud's quality, clearances, copper toxicosis clear status
• If using fresh chilled AI, add shipping costs (~$150-$250)

Progesterone Testing: $250

• 2-4 tests at $60-$80 each to determine optimal breeding timing
• Essential for fresh chilled or frozen AI; recommended even for natural breeding to maximize conception

Prenatal Care: $350

• Ultrasound confirmation of pregnancy: $100-$150
• X-ray for puppy count (late pregnancy): $100-$150
• Routine veterinary exams, supplements: $100-$150

Whelping Cost (Natural): $300

• Whelping supplies (box, bedding, heating pads, thermometer, scale, puppy milk replacer, etc.): $200
• Emergency veterinary fund: $100 (actual emergency C-section costs ~$2,500; budget for potential)

Whelping Cost (C-section): $2,500

• Emergency C-section: $1,500-$3,500 depending on time of day and location

Puppy Vet Costs (per puppy): $150 x 4 puppies = $600

• First vaccinations (DAP): $30-$50
• Deworming (multiple treatments): $20-$40
• Health check and exam: $60-$80
• Microchipping (optional but recommended): $30-$50

Food & Supplies: $400

• Dam's increased food during pregnancy and lactation: $150
• Puppy food (weaning through 8-10 weeks): $150
• Miscellaneous supplies (toys, bowls, collars, cleanup): $100

Registration & Marketing: $120

• AKC litter registration: $40-$50
• Individual puppy registrations (if included): $30 per puppy
• Advertising, website costs, contracts, health records: $50-$100

Total Cost (Natural Whelping): $3,068

Total Cost (C-Section): $5,268

Revenue (per litter, assuming 4 puppies):

Average Puppy Price (Pet Quality): $1,800

• Range: $1,500-$2,000 depending on breeder reputation, location, copper toxicosis clear status

Average Puppy Price (Show Quality): $2,500

• Range: $2,000-$3,500 for show-prospect puppies with clear copper status and exceptional structure

Average Litter Revenue (4 pet-quality puppies @ $1,800): $7,200

Net Profit/Loss Analysis:

Natural whelping scenario:

• Revenue: $7,200
• Costs: $3,068
• Net: +$4,132

C-section scenario:

• Revenue: $7,200
• Costs: $5,268
• Net: +$1,932

3-puppy litter (natural whelping):

• Revenue: $5,400 (3 x $1,800)
• Costs: $2,918 (reduced puppy vet costs)
• Net: +$2,482

3-puppy litter (C-section):

• Revenue: $5,400
• Costs: $5,118
• Net: +$282 (minimal profit)

Key Economic Considerations:

Small litter sizes significantly impact profitability: With an average of 4 puppies, breeders have limited margin for error. A litter of 3 puppies with a C-section yields minimal profit; a litter of 2 puppies with complications may result in financial loss.

Health testing is a fixed cost regardless of litter size: The $248 CHIC testing (or $428 with recommended tests) applies whether the litter produces 3 puppies or 6. Small litters dilute the return on testing investment.

Copper toxicosis clear status may justify premium pricing: Puppies from clear x clear breedings (guaranteed clear offspring) can command higher prices due to genetic value, partially offsetting small litter sizes.

Rare breed status limits market size: Ranked 152/200 in AKC popularity, Bedlington Terriers have a small buyer pool. Marketing efforts and wait times for qualified buyers may be longer than popular breeds.

Breeding Bedlington Terriers is a labor of love, not a profit center: The combination of comprehensive health testing requirements, small litter sizes, and rare breed economics means most responsible breeders break even or earn modest returns that do not reflect the hundreds of hours invested in raising, socializing, and placing puppies.

Breeder Resources

Parent Club: Bedlington Terrier Club of America

• Breeder directory and referrals
• Health and genetics information
• Code of Ethics for member breeders
• Annual national specialty show
• Educational resources and mentorship programs

Regional Clubs: Contact the Bedlington Terrier Club of America for information on regional clubs and local breeder groups. The small breed population means regional clubs may be limited, but national club events and online forums provide networking opportunities.

AKC Breeder Programs:

• AKC Breeder of Merit: Recognition program for breeders who demonstrate commitment to health testing, education, and breed improvement. Requirements include health testing all breeding stock, AKC registration, and ongoing education.
• AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T.: Program emphasizing Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, and Tradition. Participants commit to comprehensive health testing and transparency.

Recommended Books:

• The Complete Bedlington Terrier by Marjorie Lowe—comprehensive breed history and standard interpretation
• The Bedlington Terrier by Anna Katherine Nicholas—in-depth coverage of breed characteristics and care
• Bedlington Terrier (Comprehensive Owner's Guide) by Muriel P. Lee—modern guide covering health, training, and breeding

Online Communities:

• Bedlington Terrier Club of America member forums (access through BTCA membership)
• Bedlington Terrier Facebook groups (connect with breeders and owners worldwide)
• The Canine Chronicle Bedlington Terrier discussions (show and breeding community)

Health Databases:

• OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals): Public database of health testing results; search by dog name or breed to review clearances
• CHIC (Canine Health Information Center): Database of dogs meeting CHIC health testing requirements

Genetic Diversity Resources:

• The Institute of Canine Biology: Educational resources on canine genetics, inbreeding, and diversity
• Canine Genetics Resource Center (UC Davis): DNA testing for color genetics, hereditary diseases, and genetic diversity analysis

Mentorship: New breeders should connect with experienced Bedlington Terrier breeders through the BTCA. Given the breed's rare status and critical health concerns (especially copper toxicosis), mentorship is invaluable for navigating genetic management, health testing interpretation, and breeding decisions.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Bedlington Terriers typically have?

Bedlington Terriers have an average litter size of 4 puppies, with typical litters ranging from 3-6 puppies. This is relatively small compared to larger terrier breeds, and impacts breeding economics—fewer puppies mean lower revenue to offset fixed health testing and whelping costs. Litters of 7 puppies occur occasionally (approximately 3% of litters), while singleton or two-puppy litters are uncommon but possible. Litter size can be influenced by dam age, breeding timing, and overall fertility.

Do Bedlington Terriers need C-sections?

Bedlington Terriers have a C-section rate of approximately 15%, which is moderate for terrier breeds. Most Bedlingtons whelp naturally without complications, especially with average litter sizes of 4 puppies. However, first-time dams, small litters with larger individual puppy size, or signs of dystocia (prolonged labor, distress) may require emergency C-section. Breeders should have a veterinary emergency plan and budget approximately $2,500 for potential C-section costs. This rate is significantly lower than brachycephalic breeds (80%+ C-section rates) but higher than some other terriers like the Airedale (around 10%).

What health tests are required for breeding Bedlington Terriers?

All Bedlington Terrier breeding stock must complete CHIC requirements before breeding:

1. OFA Patella Evaluation (one-time, $65): Screens for patellar luxation
2. OFA Eye Exam (CAER) (annual, $85): Screens for retinal dysplasia, cataracts, and other hereditary eye diseases
3. Copper Toxicosis DNA Test (one-time, $98): Screens for copper storage disease genetic variants—this is the most critical test for the breed

Total CHIC cost: $248 for initial clearances; annual eye exams add $85/year throughout breeding career. Additional recommended tests include cardiac exam ($95), thyroid panel ($85), and renal function panel ($120), bringing comprehensive testing to approximately $428 per dog.

How much does it cost to breed Bedlington Terriers?

The total cost to breed a litter of Bedlington Terriers averages $3,068 for natural whelping or $5,268 for C-section. Cost breakdown includes health testing ($248), stud fee ($800), progesterone testing ($250), prenatal care ($350), whelping ($300 natural or $2,500 C-section), puppy vet care ($600 for 4 puppies), food/supplies ($400), and registration/marketing ($120). With average puppy pricing of $1,800 each and 4-puppy litters, revenue is approximately $7,200, yielding net profit of $4,132 (natural whelping) or $1,932 (C-section). Smaller litters or complications significantly reduce profitability.

At what age can you breed a Bedlington Terrier?

Females should be bred no earlier than 24 months of age (after the 2nd or 3rd heat and all health clearances complete). This allows full physical maturity and completion of CHIC requirements, including the 24-month minimum age for OFA patella evaluation. Males can be used at stud at 18-24 months after preliminary health screening (copper toxicosis DNA test, eye exam) and physical maturity. Breeding too young risks immature skeletal structure, incomplete health testing, and poor maternal behaviors in first-time dams.

How much do Bedlington Terrier puppies cost?

Bedlington Terrier puppies from health-tested parents typically cost $1,800 for pet-quality puppies (with spay/neuter contracts) and $2,500 for show-quality puppies. Puppies from clear x clear copper toxicosis breedings (guaranteed clear genetic status) may command premium pricing due to genetic value. Prices vary by breeder reputation, location, and puppy quality. Unusually low prices (under $1,200) may indicate lack of health testing or questionable breeding practices—responsible breeders cannot recoup costs at prices below $1,500 given the comprehensive testing required.

What are the most common health problems in Bedlington Terriers?

The most significant health concern in Bedlington Terriers is copper toxicosis (copper storage hepatopathy), historically affecting 33-66% of the breed but reduced to approximately 11% through DNA testing and selective breeding. Other notable conditions include:

• Retinal dysplasia: Moderate prevalence; breed predisposed to total retinal dysplasia causing blindness
• Hypothyroidism: Moderate prevalence; managed with daily medication
• Patellar luxation: Moderate concern; ranges from mild to severe requiring surgery
• Renal cortical hypoplasia: Rare; congenital kidney abnormality
• Distichiasis: Moderate; abnormal eyelashes causing eye irritation

DNA testing for copper toxicosis and annual eye exams are mandatory to screen breeding stock.

Is breeding Bedlington Terriers profitable?

Breeding Bedlington Terriers can be modestly profitable with natural whelping and average litter sizes, but it is not a lucrative business. With 4-puppy litters priced at $1,800 each, revenue is approximately $7,200. After expenses ($3,068 for natural whelping), net profit is around $4,132—however, this does not account for the hundreds of hours invested in prenatal care, whelping supervision, puppy socialization, and placement. C-sections reduce net profit to approximately $1,932. Litters of 3 puppies with complications may break even or lose money. Responsible breeders prioritize health testing and puppy quality over profit, viewing breeding as a commitment to the breed rather than a revenue source.

What is copper toxicosis and why is it important for Bedlington Terrier breeding?

Copper toxicosis (copper storage hepatopathy) is an inherited autosomal recessive disease causing copper to accumulate in the liver, leading to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and potentially fatal liver failure. Historically, 33-66% of Bedlington Terriers were affected. The disease is caused primarily by a deletion in the COMMD1 gene. DNA testing identifies:

• Clear (N/N): No mutation; will not develop disease or pass it on
• Carrier (N/CT): One copy; will not develop disease but can pass mutation to offspring
• Affected (CT/CT): Two copies; will develop copper toxicosis, typically between 2-7 years of age

Breeding implications: Never breed two carriers together (produces 25% affected puppies). All breeding stock must be DNA tested. This is the single most critical health consideration for the breed—responsible breeding depends on eliminating affected puppies through genetic management.

How does the Bedlington Terrier coat color change as puppies grow?

Bedlington Terrier puppies are born with much darker coats than their adult color due to the progressive greying gene (G locus). Puppies are born nearly black (blue) or dark brown (liver/sandy) and progressively lighten over the first 1-2 years:

• Blue puppies: Born very dark, almost black; lighten to distinctive blue-grey by maturity
• Sandy puppies: Born dark liver/brown; lighten to sandy (dilute liver) by maturity
• Liver puppies: Born dark chocolate brown; may lighten slightly but remain darker than sandy

The topknot tends to lighten more than the body color, creating the characteristic lighter topknot. Coat color development should be assessed at 4-6 months when the adult color begins to stabilize, though full adult color and texture mature by 18-24 months. This dramatic color transformation is unique to Bedlingtons and distinguishes them from other terrier breeds.