Breeding Clumber Spaniels

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Clumber Spaniels responsibly requires exceptional commitment to health testing, whelping preparedness, and genetic diversity management. As the largest and heaviest of the AKC flushing spaniels, Clumber Spaniels face unique reproductive challenges including a 55% C-section rate, a 45.7% hip dysplasia prevalence that ranks second-worst among all AKC breeds, and genetic bottlenecks that demand careful pedigree planning. This guide provides the data-backed information breeders need to produce healthy puppies while working to improve this historic but vulnerable breed.

Breed Overview

The Clumber Spaniel is the largest of the AKC flushing spaniels and one of the oldest spaniel breeds. Named after Clumber Park in Nottinghamshire, England, the breed was developed in the 18th century by the Duke of Newcastle. Unlike their faster, rangier spaniel cousins like the English Springer Spaniel, Clumber Spaniels were bred to work at a slower, methodical pace suited for hunting on foot in dense cover.

In 1844, Lieutenant Venables brought the breed to North America. The Clumber Spaniel became one of the first nine breeds recognized by the AKC in 1884 when "Bustler" was registered. Despite this early recognition and distinguished history, the breed has remained relatively rare. The current AKC popularity rank is 139, reflecting limited breeding populations that contribute to genetic diversity challenges.

The Clumber Spaniel Club of America (clumbers.org) serves as the parent club, maintaining breed standards and supporting breeders working to preserve this unique spaniel variety. The breed's rarity makes each breeding decision particularly important to the long-term health and viability of the Clumber Spaniel.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

The Clumber Spaniel is a long, low, substantial dog with a massive head, heavy brow, deep chest, straight forelegs, powerful hindquarters, massive bone, and good feet. The breed displays a gentle, dignified expression and moves with a comfortable, rolling gait.

Size specifications:

• Males: 18-20 inches tall, 70-85 pounds
• Females: 17-19 inches tall, 55-70 pounds

Critical breeding priorities:

• Substantial bone and overall body mass - this is not a refined or elegant breed
• Long, low body with level topline from withers to tail
• Massive rectangular head with proper proportions and deep stop
• Heavy brow creating the characteristic thoughtful expression
• Correct shoulder layback and front assembly
• Strong rear assembly with moderate angulation
• Free-moving gait with the characteristic "Clumber roll"
• Dense, weather-resistant coat texture (not soft or silky)
• Gentle, biddable temperament

Serious faults that should disqualify from breeding programs:

• Light bone or weedy appearance (lack of substance)
• Narrow head or snipy muzzle
• Steep shoulders or lack of angulation
• Roached or swayed back
• Stilted or unbalanced movement
• Hard expression or aggressive temperament

Unlike some spaniel breeds with multiple disqualifying colors or sizes, the Clumber Spaniel standard has no formal disqualifications. However, breeding stock should exemplify correct type, substance, and temperament. The most common fault in breeding stock is insufficient bone and body mass, producing dogs that lack the essential Clumber Spaniel substance.

Reproductive Profile

Breeding Clumber Spaniels involves significant reproductive challenges that every breeder must understand and prepare for. The breed has one of the highest C-section rates among sporting dogs.

Average litter size: 11 puppies (range: 6-14 puppies)

C-section rate: 55%

This extraordinarily high C-section rate stems from several breed-specific factors. Uterine inertia is common in Clumber Spaniels - the uterus fails to contract effectively even when labor begins naturally. Large puppy size relative to the dam's pelvic capacity can cause dystocia (obstructed labor) even when uterine contractions are adequate. Anasarca, or "water puppies" (puppies with fluid accumulation), occurs occasionally in the breed and complicates whelping.

Unlike the English Springer Spaniel, which typically whelps naturally with C-section rates around 15-20%, Clumber Spaniel breeders must always be prepared for surgical intervention. Many experienced breeders schedule progesterone testing to time elective C-sections rather than risking emergency surgery during failed labor attempts.

The combination of large litter size (averaging 11 puppies) with high C-section rates creates substantial management demands. Some dams struggle to adequately care for and nurse such large litters, particularly following surgical recovery. Supplemental feeding and intensive monitoring are often necessary in the first two weeks.

Artificial insemination suitability: AI is commonly used in Clumber Spaniels with both fresh and frozen semen. Given the breed's limited population and high average coefficient of inbreeding, AI enables breeders to access genetically diverse stud dogs from distant locations or even different countries. Natural breeding success rates can be lower in some lines, making AI a valuable reproductive tool for this breed.

Fertility challenges specific to Clumbers:

• Uterine inertia requiring oxytocin or surgical intervention
• Large puppy size causing dystocia
• Anasarca (water puppies) occurring occasionally
• Older dams facing increased whelping complications
• Low natural breeding success rates in some bloodlines

Breeding Age and Timeline

Responsible Clumber Spaniel breeding requires patience to allow full physical maturity and completion of all health clearances before the first breeding.

Female first heat: Typically occurs between 6-12 months of age.

Recommended first breeding age:

• Females: 24 months (after OFA hip and elbow clearances obtained)
• Males: 24 months (after health testing and structural evaluation)

The 24-month minimum is non-negotiable for this breed given the severe hip dysplasia prevalence. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) requires dogs to be at least 24 months old for official hip and elbow evaluations because joint development is not complete until this age. Breeding before OFA clearances are obtained perpetuates the catastrophic 45.7% hip dysplasia rate that plagues this breed.

Complete breeding timeline:

1. 18-20 months: Begin conditioning breeding stock, ensure proper weight and fitness
2. 24 months: Obtain OFA hip and elbow radiographs
3. 24 months: Complete ophthalmologist examination (CAER/CERF)
4. 24 months: Submit PDP1 DNA test if not already done
5. 24-25 months: Receive OFA results and confirm breeding suitability
6. 25-26 months: Select stud dog, arrange progesterone testing for timing
7. Breeding: Natural or AI breeding at optimal progesterone levels
8. Day 28-30 post-breeding: Ultrasound confirmation
9. Day 58-60: Prepare whelping area, have emergency C-section plan with veterinarian
10. Day 63 average: Whelping (many Clumbers whelp 61-65 days)
11. 8-10 weeks: Puppies go to homes after health checks and registration

Retirement age: 6-7 years or after 4-5 litters, whichever comes first. Older dams face increased risks of uterine inertia and whelping complications.

Maximum litters per female: 5 litters over a breeding career. Given the high C-section rate and surgical stress, fewer litters are preferable to preserve the dam's long-term health.

Required Health Testing

The Clumber Spaniel's health testing requirements reflect the breed's serious hereditary conditions. All four CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) tests are mandatory before breeding.

CHIC Required Tests:

Hip Dysplasia Evaluation (OFA or PennHIP): Screens for hip joint malformation. Given the 45.7% prevalence in Clumber Spaniels (second-worst among all AKC breeds), this is the single most critical test. Only breed dogs with OFA Good or Excellent ratings. Cost: $75 (radiographs additional, typically $200-300).

Elbow Dysplasia Evaluation (OFA): Screens for elbow joint abnormalities and degenerative joint disease. Elbow dysplasia is also elevated in this breed due to heavy bone and body mass. Cost: $60 (radiographs additional).

Ophthalmologist Evaluation (CAER/CERF): Annual examination by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist. Screens for entropion, ectropion, cataracts, and other hereditary eye diseases. Entropion and ectropion are the most common severe health conditions in Clumber Spaniels, often requiring surgical correction. This is an annual test - must be repeated every 12 months. Cost: $75 per exam.

PDP1 Deficiency DNA Test: Screens for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase 1 Deficiency, an enzyme deficiency affecting metabolic waste elimination. This is a simple autosomal recessive condition - carrier dogs can be bred to clear dogs without producing affected puppies. One-time test. Cost: $85.

Total estimated cost for required testing: $620 per dog (including initial hip/elbow radiographs, first eye exam, and DNA test). Annual eye exams add $75 per year.

Additional recommended tests:

Cardiac Examination (Board-Certified Cardiologist): Screens for congenital and acquired heart disease. While not CHIC-required, cardiac issues occur in the breed. Cost: $150.

Exercise-Induced Collapse (EIC) DNA Test: Screens for EIC syndrome (autosomal recessive). Carriers are more common than affected dogs. Cost: $75.

Thyroid Panel (OFA): Screens for hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis, both documented in Clumber Spaniels. Cost: $100.

Total health testing investment including recommended tests: $945 per breeding dog.

All CHIC tests must have results publicly available in the OFA database. To obtain a CHIC number, all four required tests must be completed with results submitted to OFA, regardless of whether results are normal or abnormal. The purpose is transparency and informed breeding decisions, not to hide health issues.

Hereditary Health Conditions

Clumber Spaniels face serious hereditary health challenges that demand informed breeding decisions. The breed's health profile is shaped by decades of small breeding populations, leading to fixation of some harmful genetic variants.

Hip Dysplasia

Prevalence: 45.7% based on OFA data - the second-worst breed mean score among all AKC breeds.

Inheritance: Polygenic/multifactorial (multiple genes plus environmental factors).

DNA test available: No. Selection is based on OFA radiographic evaluation.

Clinical signs: Swaying hindleg gait, lameness, reluctance to exercise, difficulty with stairs or jumping, muscle wastage around hindquarters, arched back appearance. Signs typically emerge between 5-12 months and progress with age.

Breeding implications: This catastrophic prevalence rate means breeding decisions MUST prioritize hip health. Only breed dogs with OFA Good or Excellent ratings. Breeding Fair-rated dogs perpetuates the problem. Even when both parents have Good or Excellent ratings, some puppies will develop dysplasia due to the polygenic nature and environmental influences, but you significantly reduce risk. Breeders must also counsel puppy buyers on growth management, appropriate exercise, and maintaining lean body weight during the first two years.

Entropion/Ectropion

Prevalence: Common - described as the most common severe health condition in the breed.

Inheritance: Polygenic/multifactorial.

DNA test available: No.

Clinical signs: Entropion (eyelid rolls inward): excessive tearing, squinting, corneal ulceration from eyelashes rubbing the cornea. Ectropion (eyelid droops outward): exposed conjunctiva, chronic irritation, increased susceptibility to infection.

Age of onset: Typically 6 months to 2 years, though it may develop later in life.

Breeding implications: Both conditions often require surgical correction. Do not breed dogs that required entropion or ectropion surgery. Evaluate breeding stock eye structure carefully - excessive skin, loose eyelids, or pronounced haw (visible third eyelid) are risk factors. The annual CERF/CAER examination detects these conditions. While heavy brow and some haw are characteristic of the breed standard, extreme examples correlate with functional eyelid problems.

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

Prevalence: Moderate to common due to the breed's long back conformation.

Inheritance: Polygenic/multifactorial with strong conformational component.

DNA test available: No.

Clinical signs: Back pain, weakness, reluctance to move, abnormal gait, paralysis in severe cases.

Age of onset: Typically 3-7 years, though can occur younger or older.

Breeding implications: Select for level toplines and avoid breeding dogs with roached or swayed backs. Excessively long backs relative to leg length increase IVDD risk. Counsel puppy buyers to prevent obesity, avoid excessive stair climbing and jumping, and use ramps for vehicle access. This is a progressive degenerative condition that can end a dog's quality of life.

PDP1 Deficiency (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase 1 Deficiency)

Prevalence: Low (affected dogs are rare, but carriers are present in the population).

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

DNA test available: Yes (CHIC required).

Clinical signs: Exercise intolerance, lactic acidosis during exercise, metabolic crisis in severe cases.

Age of onset: Young adult to middle age.

Breeding implications: This is a manageable condition through DNA testing. Clear dogs (N/N) can be bred to any dog. Carrier dogs (N/PDP1) should only be bred to clear dogs (N/N), producing 50% clear and 50% carrier puppies with no affected puppies. Never breed two carriers together, as this produces 25% affected puppies. Test all breeding stock.

Exercise-Induced Collapse (EIC)

Prevalence: Low to moderate (carriers more common than affected dogs).

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

DNA test available: Yes (recommended, not CHIC-required).

Clinical signs: Muscle weakness, lack of coordination, collapse after 5-20 minutes of strenuous exercise, recovery with rest.

Age of onset: Young adult, typically 1-4 years.

Breeding implications: Similar management to PDP1. Test all breeding stock. Clear (N/N) x Carrier (N/EIC) produces no affected puppies. Clear x Clear produces all clear puppies. Avoid Carrier x Carrier breedings.

Hypothyroidism

Prevalence: Moderate.

Inheritance: Complex/polygenic with autoimmune component.

DNA test available: No. Diagnosis via thyroid panel blood test.

Clinical signs: Weight gain, lethargy, hair loss, skin issues, cold intolerance, behavioral changes.

Age of onset: Middle age, typically 4-8 years.

Breeding implications: Hypothyroidism is treatable but hereditary. Avoid breeding dogs diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis (positive thyroglobulin or thyroid peroxidase antibodies on OFA thyroid panel). Subclinical thyroid dysfunction may be present in dogs with normal resting T4 levels but abnormal TSH or thyroid antibodies.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)

Prevalence: Rare to low.

Inheritance: Unknown, likely complex.

DNA test available: No.

Clinical signs: Weakness, pale gums, jaundice, rapid breathing, collapse.

Age of onset: Middle age, can occur at any age.

Breeding implications: Do not breed dogs diagnosed with AIHA or their first-degree relatives until more is understood about inheritance patterns.

Color and Coat Genetics

Clumber Spaniel color genetics are relatively simple compared to many sporting breeds. The breed has a restricted color palette focused on function over flash.

AKC accepted colors:

• White with lemon markings
• White with orange markings

Disqualifying colors: None officially disqualified, but other colors do not occur in purebred Clumbers.

Relevant genetic loci:

E locus (Extension): Controls distribution of black and red/yellow pigment. Clumber Spaniels are typically e/e (recessive red/yellow), preventing black pigment in the coat.

I locus (Intensity): Controls dilution of phaeomelanin (red/yellow pigment). Variation at this locus produces the difference between lemon (pale yellow) and orange (deeper red-orange) markings.

S locus (Spotting): Controls white spotting pattern. Clumber Spaniels have extensive white spotting with colored markings primarily on the head and occasionally on the body.

T locus (Ticking): Controls the presence of colored flecks or freckles in white areas. Some Clumbers develop ticking as they mature.

Color breeding predictions:

Since essentially all Clumber Spaniels are white with lemon or orange markings, most breedings produce puppies in the accepted color range. Lemon and orange can occur in the same litter. The intensity of markings varies from very pale (almost white head) to rich orange. While some breeders prefer one intensity over another, both are equally correct per the standard.

Health-linked color considerations: None. The Clumber Spaniel's restricted color palette does not include merle (linked to deafness and eye defects) or dilute colors (linked to color dilution alopecia). White Clumbers are NOT the same as double-merle white dogs - Clumber white is from the S locus spotting pattern and is not associated with health problems.

Coat texture genetics:

Proper Clumber coat is dense and weather-resistant with good undercoat. Soft or silky coats are a fault. While specific genes controlling coat texture are not well-characterized in Clumbers, coat quality breeds relatively true. Breeding two dogs with correct coat texture generally produces puppies with correct coats, while breeding dogs with soft coats perpetuates this fault.

Selecting Breeding Stock

Selecting Clumber Spaniel breeding stock requires balancing health, structure, temperament, and genetic diversity. Given the breed's health challenges and limited gene pool, every breeding decision impacts the breed's future.

Conformation priorities:

Substantial bone and overall mass: This is the defining characteristic of the Clumber Spaniel. Breeding stock should represent the largest end of the size range with heavy bone. Light or weedy dogs lack breed type.

Long, low body with level topline: Proper proportion and topline are critical breed characteristics. Avoid short-bodied or "leg-high" dogs, but also avoid excessively long backs that increase IVDD risk.

Massive rectangular head with proper proportions: The head is a hallmark of breed type. Avoid narrow heads, snipy muzzles, or lack of stop.

Correct shoulder layback and front assembly: Front angulation provides the reach necessary for the characteristic rolling gait.

Sound rear angulation and drive: Powerful hindquarters drive movement. Avoid steep rears or straight stifles.

Free-moving gait with rolling motion: The "Clumber roll" is characteristic. Avoid stilted, choppy, or unbalanced movement.

Dense, weather-resistant coat texture: Functional coat is important even for companion dogs.

Gentle, biddable temperament: Clumbers should be calm, good-natured, and willing to please.

Common faults to select against:

• Insufficient bone or substance (fails to represent breed type)
• Short or cobby body (loses characteristic proportion)
• Narrow or snipy head (loses breed type)
• Steep shoulders (produces stilted movement)
• Weak or roached topline (increases IVDD risk, poor structure)
• Light eye color or hard expression (contradicts gentle temperament)
• Stilted movement without rolling gait (structural fault)
• Soft or silky coat (wrong texture)
• Nervous or aggressive temperament (serious fault)

Health clearances - non-negotiable requirements:

Every Clumber Spaniel used for breeding must have:

• OFA hip evaluation: Good or Excellent only (Fair perpetuates the 45.7% dysplasia rate)
• OFA elbow evaluation: Normal only
• Annual CERF/CAER eye examination: Clear within 12 months
• PDP1 DNA test: Clear or Carrier (never breed two carriers)

Recommended:

• Cardiac examination by board-certified cardiologist
• EIC DNA test (Clear or Carrier, never breed two carriers)
• OFA thyroid panel

Temperament evaluation:

Assess biddability, gentleness with people, and willingness to please. Clumber Spaniels should be calm, good-natured, and reliable. Avoid breeding dogs with anxiety, aggression, or hyperactivity. Some working ability (tracking or hunting interest) is desirable but not required for breeding stock, as many Clumbers are now primarily companions.

Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI) management - CRITICAL:

Average COI in the breed: 18.2%

Target COI: Under 6.25% (5-generation pedigree)

The Clumber Spaniel's average COI of 18.2% is alarmingly high and indicates a genetic bottleneck. A COI above 10% substantially increases the risk of expressing harmful recessive alleles and reduces hybrid vigor. Every breeder must calculate the COI for each proposed breeding and actively work to lower the breed average.

Strategies to reduce COI:

• Use pedigree analysis software to calculate 10-generation COI for each breeding
• Seek stud dogs from different bloodlines or geographic regions
• Consider imported dogs or frozen semen from international lines
• Avoid line-breeding or breeding closely related dogs
• Prioritize genetic diversity equally with health and structure

The limited availability of suitable stud dogs (hence the common use of AI) makes COI management challenging but essential. Breeding the same popular stud repeatedly, even if he has excellent health clearances, worsens the genetic bottleneck for the entire breed.

Stud dog selection:

Stud fee range: $1,000 - $2,000 depending on the stud's titles, health clearances, and proven production record.

Look for:

• All required health clearances with OFA hip rating of Good or Excellent
• Structural strengths that complement the dam
• Proven production of healthy puppies with good structure and temperament
• Low COI when paired with your female (target under 6.25%)
• Different bloodlines than your female
• Willingness to use AI if needed to access distant stud dogs

Show quality vs. breeding quality:

Not every show champion should be bred, and not every breeding-quality dog will finish a championship. Prioritize health clearances, structural soundness, and genetic diversity. A dog with excellent health clearances and low COI may contribute more to the breed's future than a champion with mediocre hips and high inbreeding.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Whelping Clumber Spaniels requires extensive preparation, immediate access to emergency veterinary care, and commitment to intensive neonatal management. The 55% C-section rate is not a statistic - it is your reality.

Whelping method: Variable. About 45% of Clumber Spaniels whelp naturally, but 55% require C-section. Many experienced breeders schedule elective C-sections at 63 days based on progesterone timing rather than attempting natural labor.

Breed-specific whelping complications:

Uterine inertia: The most common complication. The uterus fails to contract effectively even when labor begins. Primary uterine inertia (failure to start labor) or secondary uterine inertia (labor starts then stops) both occur frequently in Clumbers. Oxytocin may help in some cases, but surgical intervention is often necessary.

Large puppy size: Even with adequate contractions, large puppies relative to the dam's pelvic capacity can cause dystocia. This is particularly problematic when a large puppy enters the birth canal but cannot pass through.

Anasarca (water puppies): Puppies with fluid accumulation under the skin and in body cavities. Anasarca puppies are larger than normal, often causing dystocia. Most do not survive, and their presence complicates delivery for other puppies in the litter.

Dam struggling with large litters: Eleven puppies is a substantial litter. After the stress of whelping (especially surgical recovery), some dams struggle to adequately nurse, clean, and care for all puppies. Breeders must monitor closely and be prepared to intervene with supplemental feeding.

Progesterone testing and timing:

Begin progesterone testing 7-8 days after breeding. Test every 2-3 days until progesterone rises above 4 ng/mL (ovulation threshold). Record the ovulation date, as whelping typically occurs 63 days from ovulation (NOT from breeding date). This precise timing allows you to schedule an elective C-section at optimal maturity or to be on high alert for natural labor.

Emergency C-section preparedness:

Every Clumber breeder must have:

• Veterinarian who performs emergency C-sections available 24/7
• Veterinary emergency clinic contact information
• Transport plan for middle-of-night emergencies
• Financial resources for $2,500+ emergency surgery
• Understanding that emergency C-sections have higher anesthetic risk than planned procedures

Many breeders elect to schedule C-sections at day 63 from ovulation to avoid emergency surgery complications.

Birth weights:

• Male puppies: 14-18 ounces
• Female puppies: 12-16 ounces

Puppies significantly smaller than this range may be premature or weak. Puppies significantly larger may indicate anasarca.

Daily weight gain target: 5-10% of body weight per day, approximately 1-2 ounces daily in the first two weeks. Weigh puppies twice daily. Puppies that fail to gain weight or lose weight need immediate intervention with supplemental feeding.

Neonatal care specifics:

Temperature regulation: Newborn Clumber puppies cannot regulate body temperature. Maintain whelping box temperature at 85-90°F for the first week, gradually decreasing to 80°F by week 3. Use heating pads, heat lamps, or incubators carefully to avoid overheating.

Monitoring large litters: With 11 puppies, ensure every puppy gets adequate nursing time. Weaker puppies may be pushed away from nipples by stronger littermates. Rotate puppies to ensure all feed. Supplement with puppy milk replacer if needed.

Dam recovery: If the dam had a C-section, monitor her closely for signs of infection, excessive bleeding, or poor milk production. Pain management is important for her comfort and her ability to care for puppies. Some dams are reluctant to nurse immediately after surgery - be prepared to assist.

Fading puppy syndrome: Watch for signs of fading (lethargy, crying, failure to nurse, hypothermia). Fading puppies decline rapidly. Immediate veterinary intervention (warming, subcutaneous fluids, glucose supplementation, antibiotics if indicated) is necessary. Despite intervention, some fading puppies do not survive.

Dewclaw removal, tail docking, ear cropping:

Dewclaw removal: Not typically done in Clumber Spaniels.

Tail docking: Not performed. Clumber Spaniels have natural tails.

Ear cropping: Not performed in any spaniel breed.

Puppy Development Milestones

Clumber Spaniel puppies grow rapidly but take longer to reach full adult size compared to smaller sporting breeds. Understanding normal development helps breeders and puppy buyers monitor growth and identify potential problems early.

Growth curve:

Clumber puppies are born large (14-18 oz for males, 12-16 oz for females) and grow quickly. By 8 weeks, males average 17 pounds and females average 14 pounds. Growth continues through 18-24 months, with males potentially gaining weight and filling out until 30 months.

Weekly developmental milestones:

Week 0-1 (Neonatal period):

• Birth weight: 12-18 oz depending on sex
• Puppies nurse, sleep, and depend entirely on dam
• Eyes and ears closed
• Cannot regulate temperature
• Gain 1-2 oz daily

Week 2-3 (Transitional period):

• Eyes open around day 10-14
• Ears open around day 14-18
• Begin crawling more actively
• First teeth emerge (incisors) around day 14-21
• Weight doubles or triples from birth weight

Week 3-4 (Awareness period begins):

• Begin hearing and seeing clearly
• Start attempting to stand and walk (clumsy at first)
• React to sounds and movement
• Begin showing interest in solid food (can start weaning process)
• Social interaction with littermates increases

Week 4-5 (Socialization period begins):

• Walking steadily, beginning to run and play
• Weaning transition: introduce softened puppy food
• Begin interacting purposefully with humans
• Critical socialization window opens (continues through week 14)
• House training foundation begins

Week 5-6:

• Fully weaning from dam
• Eating solid puppy food
• Playing actively with littermates
• Learning bite inhibition through play
• Can begin basic handling, grooming, noise exposure

Week 6-8:

• Full weaning complete
• Eating 3-4 meals daily of puppy food
• Active play, wrestling, exploration
• Responding to human interaction
• Beginning to show individual personalities
• Can begin basic socialization outings (carried, not on ground until vaccinations complete)

Week 8-10 (Go-home age):

• First vaccinations at 6-8 weeks, second at 9-12 weeks
• Veterinary health check before placement
• Microchip implanted
• AKC registration paperwork provided
• Puppies adapt to new homes

Some breeders hold puppies until 10-12 weeks to better evaluate temperament and show potential, especially if they are keeping a puppy for themselves and want to make the best selection.

Weaning age: Begin gradual transition at 3-4 weeks, fully weaned by 7-8 weeks.

Go-home age: 8-10 weeks minimum. Some breeders prefer 10-12 weeks.

Socialization window: The critical period is 3-14 weeks. During this time, puppies are most receptive to new experiences. Expose them to various surfaces, sounds, people, and gentle handling. Continue socialization through 16 weeks and beyond to build confident adult dogs.

Structural evaluation timing:

8-10 weeks: Initial evaluation for basic structure, gait, head type, and overall type. This is when most puppies go to homes, so breeders assess pet vs. show potential.

6-9 months: More thorough evaluation for breeding/show prospects. Proportions are becoming clearer, adult coat is developing, movement patterns are evident. This is when serious show prospects are identified. Keep in mind that Clumber puppies go through awkward stages - they may be unbalanced, leggy, or gangly during growth spurts.

18-24 months: Final evaluation before breeding decisions. Structure is mature, OFA radiographs can be submitted, temperament is established. Only at this age can you truly determine if a dog should enter a breeding program.

Adult size achievement: Clumber Spaniels reach adult height by 12-15 months but continue filling out and gaining weight through 18-24 months. Males may continue maturing until 30 months, adding muscle mass and substance. Do not restrict food to slow growth, as this can worsen hip dysplasia risk. Feed appropriate puppy food and allow natural growth.

Breeding Economics

Breeding Clumber Spaniels responsibly is expensive. The high C-section rate, comprehensive health testing requirements, and intensive puppy care create substantial costs. Large litter size provides some revenue advantage, but profit margins are smaller than many realize.

Cost breakdown per litter:

Pre-breeding costs:

• Health testing (dam): $620 (hip, elbow, eye, PDP1)
• If including recommended tests: $945 (adds cardiac, EIC, thyroid)
• Stud fee: $1,500 (average)
• Progesterone testing: $200 (4-6 tests at $35-50 each)
• Pre-breeding veterinary examination: Included in prenatal care estimate

Prenatal costs:

• Ultrasound confirmation (day 28-30): $100-150
• Prenatal veterinary visits and monitoring: $200-250
• Nutritional supplements for pregnant dam: $50-100
• Total prenatal care: ~$400

Whelping costs (CRITICAL):

• Natural whelping with veterinary standby: $500
• Emergency C-section: $2,000-3,500 (average $2,500)
• Planned/elective C-section: $1,500-2,500 (average $2,000)

Average whelping cost for Clumber Spaniels: Given the 55% C-section rate, expected cost is (0.45 × $500) + (0.55 × $2,500) = $225 + $1,375 = $1,600. However, you cannot budget for average - you must be financially prepared for the $2,500 C-section.

Many breeders schedule elective C-sections to avoid higher emergency costs and risks, making the $2,000 planned C-section the more predictable option.

Puppy costs (for 11 puppies average):

• Veterinary exams, first vaccinations, deworming: $150 per puppy × 11 = $1,650
• Microchips: $30 per puppy × 11 = $330 (often included in vet visit costs)
• AKC litter registration: $100 + $2 per puppy = $122
• AKC individual puppy registration: $30 per puppy × 11 = $330
• Food for dam during lactation and puppies during weaning: $800
• Puppy supplies (bedding, toys, cleaning): $200
• Marketing (photos, website, ads): $100
• Total puppy costs: ~$3,202

Total investment per litter:

• Low estimate (natural whelping, basic testing): $620 + $1,500 + $200 + $400 + $500 + $3,202 = $6,422
• High estimate (C-section, comprehensive testing): $945 + $1,500 + $200 + $400 + $2,500 + $3,202 = $8,747
• Realistic average for Clumbers: ~$7,920

Revenue:

Average puppy price:

• Pet quality: $2,000
• Show quality: $3,000

Revenue calculation (11-puppy litter):

• Assuming 9 pet-quality and 2 show-quality: (9 × $2,000) + (2 × $3,000) = $18,000 + $6,000 = $24,000
• More conservative (all pet pricing): 11 × $2,000 = $22,000

Net profit per litter:

• Best case: $24,000 - $6,422 = $17,578
• Realistic case: $22,000 - $7,920 = $14,080
• Worst case (C-section, only pet sales): $22,000 - $8,747 = $13,253

Important financial considerations:

These calculations assume:

• All 11 puppies survive to placement (not always true)
• All puppies sell at expected prices (market dependent)
• No emergency veterinary costs beyond C-section
• No pregnancy loss or reabsorption
• No complications requiring extended veterinary care
• Breeder's time is not valued (hundreds of hours)

Hidden costs not included:

• Breeder's time (minimum 200-300 hours from breeding decision through puppy placement)
• Facility costs (whelping area, puppy pen, exercise space)
• Heating, electricity, water for puppy care
• Cleaning supplies
• Phone/internet for puppy communications
• Continued support for puppy buyers (a lifetime commitment)

Lifetime cost of maintaining a breeding female:

• Annual health testing: $75 (CERF/CAER eye exam)
• Quality food: $600-800 per year
• Routine veterinary care: $300-500 per year
• Training, socialization, showing costs: Variable
• Over a 5-6 year breeding career: $6,000-10,000 in maintenance before any breeding costs

Is breeding Clumber Spaniels profitable?

For responsible breeders, the answer is: marginally, and only if everything goes well. A healthy litter of 11 puppies with a natural whelping can net $14,000-17,000. However, a C-section litter with complications, or a small litter of 6-7 puppies, can reduce net profit to $5,000-8,000. Emergency complications can eliminate profit entirely.

Most responsible Clumber Spaniel breeders are not in it for profit. The motivation is love of the breed, desire to improve health and temperament, and commitment to preserving this historic but vulnerable breed.

Breeder Resources

Parent Club:

Clumber Spaniel Club of America (CSCA): clumbers.org - The AKC parent club for the breed. Provides breeder education, maintains the Code of Ethics, hosts national specialty shows, and supports health research. The CSCA website includes breeder referrals, health information, and breed history resources.

Clumber Spaniel Health Foundation: clumberhealth.org - Dedicated to funding research into hereditary health conditions affecting Clumber Spaniels. Maintains health databases and supports studies on hip dysplasia, genetic diversity, and other breed-specific conditions.

Regional Breed Clubs: Several regional Clumber Spaniel clubs exist across the United States, offering local events, training opportunities, and breeder networking. Contact the CSCA for information about clubs in your area.

AKC Breeder Programs:

AKC Breeder of Merit: Recognition program for breeders who demonstrate commitment to health testing, breed improvement, and ethical practices. Requirements include health testing all breeding stock per CHIC requirements, participating in AKC events, and being an AKC club member. Visit AKC.org for application details.

AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T. (Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, Tradition): Program recognizing breeders who meet higher standards including health testing, continuing education, accountability through inspections, and responsible breeding practices. Bred with H.E.A.R.T. breeders undergo kennel inspections.

Recommended Books:

"The Clumber Spaniel" by Teri Dickinson: Comprehensive breed guide covering history, standard, breeding, health, and care.

"The Complete Clumber Spaniel" by Shirley Smith: Detailed reference on breed characteristics, breeding programs, and health management.

"Clumber Spaniels Today" by Peggy Grayson: Modern perspective on breeding, showing, and living with Clumber Spaniels.

Health and Genetic Resources:

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA): ofa.org - Submit all health testing results (hip, elbow, eye, cardiac, thyroid). Access breed statistics and pedigree health information. Required for CHIC certification.

Canine Health Information Center (CHIC): caninehealthinfo.org - Database of dogs that have completed required health testing. Search CHIC numbers to verify breeding stock health clearances.

Institute for Genetic Disease Control (GDC): Optional hip and elbow registry with open database.

OptiGen: DNA testing laboratory offering PDP1, EIC, and other genetic tests.

UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory: vgl.ucdavis.edu - DNA testing, genetic diversity analysis, and color genetics.

Online Communities:

Clumber Spaniel breeders and enthusiasts connect through:

• Clumber Spaniel Club of America Facebook groups (breed-specific discussions)
• Regional Clumber Spaniel club Facebook groups
• Sporting breed forums (SportingDogForums.com and others)
• AKC Breeder Education webinars and resources

Mentorship:

New Clumber Spaniel breeders benefit enormously from mentorship by experienced breeders. Contact the CSCA for mentor connections. Attend national specialty shows to meet established breeders, observe breeding stock, and learn. Given the breed's health challenges and reproductive difficulties, hands-on mentorship during your first few breedings is invaluable.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Clumber Spaniels typically have?

Clumber Spaniels average 11 puppies per litter, with a typical range of 6-14 puppies. This is a large litter size, significantly larger than many other spaniel breeds. The large litter size creates management challenges, especially when combined with the high C-section rate - recovering dams may struggle to adequately nurse and care for 11 puppies, requiring breeder intervention with supplemental feeding and intensive monitoring.

Do Clumber Spaniels need C-sections?

Yes, Clumber Spaniels have one of the highest C-section rates among sporting breeds at 55%. Uterine inertia (failure of the uterus to contract effectively) is common in the breed. Large puppy size relative to the dam's pelvic capacity also contributes to dystocia. Many experienced breeders schedule elective C-sections at day 63 based on progesterone timing rather than attempting natural labor and risking emergency surgery. Every Clumber breeder must be financially prepared for a $2,000-2,500 C-section and have 24/7 access to a veterinarian who performs the procedure.

What health tests are required for breeding Clumber Spaniels?

The Clumber Spaniel CHIC program requires four tests: Hip dysplasia evaluation (OFA or PennHIP) - only breed Good or Excellent given the catastrophic 45.7% breed prevalence; Elbow dysplasia evaluation (OFA); Annual ophthalmologist examination (CAER/CERF) screening for entropion, ectropion, and cataracts; and PDP1 Deficiency DNA test. Additional recommended tests include cardiac examination by a board-certified cardiologist, EIC DNA test, and OFA thyroid panel. Total cost is approximately $620 for required tests, or $945 including recommended tests.

How much does it cost to breed Clumber Spaniels?

Total investment per litter ranges from $6,400 to $8,750 depending on whelping method and testing level. Major costs include health testing ($620-945), stud fee ($1,500), progesterone testing ($200), prenatal care ($400), whelping ($500 natural or $2,000-2,500 C-section), and puppy care for 11 puppies ($3,200 including veterinary exams, vaccinations, microchips, registration, and food). The 55% C-section rate means most breeders should budget for surgical whelping. With 11 puppies averaging $2,000 each, revenue is approximately $22,000, yielding a net of $13,000-15,000 if all goes well - but complications can eliminate profit entirely.

At what age can you breed a Clumber Spaniel?

Clumber Spaniels should not be bred until 24 months of age for both females and males. This is not negotiable given the severe hip dysplasia prevalence in the breed. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals requires dogs to be 24 months old for official hip and elbow evaluations because joint development is incomplete before this age. First heat typically occurs between 6-12 months, but breeding at this age would mean producing puppies without knowing the dam's hip status, perpetuating the 45.7% dysplasia rate. All health clearances must be obtained before breeding.

How much do Clumber Spaniel puppies cost?

Clumber Spaniel puppies from health-tested parents typically cost $2,000 for pet quality and $3,000 for show quality. Prices may vary based on breeder reputation, geographic location, and the extensive health testing and breeding costs involved. Puppies from parents with all four CHIC clearances, low coefficient of inbreeding, and proven production records may command higher prices. Given the breed's rarity (AKC rank 139) and small breeding population, responsible breeders may have waiting lists, and buyers should expect to wait several months or longer for a puppy.

What are the most common health problems in Clumber Spaniels?

The most serious health conditions are hip dysplasia (45.7% prevalence, second-worst among all AKC breeds), entropion and ectropion (eyelid abnormalities described as the most common severe condition requiring surgical correction in many cases), and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) due to the long back conformation. Moderate-prevalence conditions include hypothyroidism (middle age onset), exercise-induced collapse (manageable through DNA testing), and PDP1 deficiency (rare but testable). These conditions make comprehensive health testing and careful breeding stock selection absolutely critical for responsible Clumber Spaniel breeding.

Is breeding Clumber Spaniels profitable?

Breeding Clumber Spaniels responsibly provides modest profit if everything goes well, but is not a lucrative business. With 11 puppies averaging $2,000 each ($22,000 revenue) and costs of $7,500-8,700 per litter (including the high probability of C-section), net profit ranges from $13,000-15,000 for uncomplicated litters. However, smaller litters, emergency complications, puppy losses, or difficulty placing puppies can reduce profit to $5,000-8,000 or eliminate it entirely. When valuing the breeder's 200-300 hours of time and ongoing costs of maintaining breeding stock, most responsible Clumber breeders break even or operate at a small loss. The motivation must be love of the breed and commitment to health improvement, not profit.

Why do Clumber Spaniels have such high C-section rates?

The 55% C-section rate in Clumber Spaniels results from several breed-specific factors. Uterine inertia (failure of the uterus to contract effectively during labor) is common and may be genetic. Large puppy size relative to the dam's pelvic capacity causes dystocia even when contractions are adequate. Anasarca (water puppies with fluid accumulation) occurs occasionally, and these oversized puppies block the birth canal. The combination of heavy bone, massive body structure, and potentially narrow pelvic capacity creates a mismatch between puppy size and the dam's ability to deliver naturally. Many breeders schedule elective C-sections to avoid the higher risks and costs of emergency surgery.

What is the hip dysplasia rate in Clumber Spaniels?

According to OFA data, 45.7% of Clumber Spaniels evaluated have hip dysplasia - the second-worst breed mean score among all AKC breeds. This catastrophic rate demands that breeding decisions prioritize hip health above almost all other factors. Only dogs with OFA ratings of Good or Excellent should be bred. Breeding Fair-rated dogs perpetuates the problem. Even with both parents rated Good or Excellent, some puppies will develop dysplasia due to the polygenic nature of the condition, but selecting rigorously for excellent hips is the only path to improving breed health over time.

How can I reduce inbreeding in Clumber Spaniels?

The Clumber Spaniel's average coefficient of inbreeding (COI) is 18.2%, far above the target of under 6.25%. To reduce inbreeding: Calculate the 10-generation COI for every proposed breeding using pedigree software; select stud dogs from different bloodlines or geographic regions than your female; consider imported dogs or frozen semen from international lines to introduce new genetics; avoid breeding closely related dogs or line-breeding; prioritize genetic diversity equally with health and structure; and resist repeatedly breeding to the same popular stud dogs even if they have excellent qualities. The breed's limited population makes COI management challenging, but it is essential for long-term breed viability.

Do Clumber Spaniel puppies require special neonatal care?

Yes, Clumber Spaniel litters require intensive neonatal management. The large average litter size of 11 puppies combined with high C-section rates creates challenges. Dams recovering from surgery may be reluctant to nurse immediately or may struggle to adequately care for such large litters. Breeders must monitor that every puppy gets adequate nursing time, as stronger puppies may push weaker ones away. Supplemental feeding with puppy milk replacer is often necessary. Weigh all puppies twice daily to ensure consistent weight gain (1-2 oz per day). Maintain whelping box temperature at 85-90°F for the first week. Watch for signs of fading puppies (lethargy, failure to nurse, hypothermia) and intervene immediately with veterinary support.