Breeding Chow Chows

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Chow Chows presents unique challenges that distinguish this ancient breed from most other purebreds. The Chow Chow's hallmark blue-black tongue, extremely high elbow dysplasia prevalence (49.8% of tested dogs), distinctive stilted gait, and dignified-but-aloof temperament require specialized breeding knowledge that goes far beyond basic canine reproduction. This comprehensive guide covers every aspect of breeding Chow Chows responsibly, from selecting breeding stock with proper tongue pigmentation and rear angulation to managing the breed's significant orthopedic health concerns and preparing for moderate C-section rates.

Breed Overview

The Chow Chow is one of the world's most ancient breeds, with origins tracing back over 2,000 years to northern China. Originally developed as an all-purpose working dog, Chow Chows served in hunting, herding, cart-pulling, and guarding roles. Their distinctive blue-black tongue and lion-like mane made them favorites among Chinese emperors and nobility. The breed was introduced to England in the late 1700s, gaining widespread popularity during the Victorian era after Queen Victoria's interest in the breed helped establish their reputation in Europe and America.

The American Kennel Club recognized the Chow Chow in 1903, making it one of the earlier recognized breeds in the Non-Sporting Group. Currently ranked 88th in AKC popularity, the breed has experienced declining registration numbers in recent years. Despite this downward trend, Chow Chows maintain a devoted following among fanciers who appreciate their unique appearance, dignified demeanor, and independent nature—traits shared with the Shiba Inu, another ancient Asian breed in the Non-Sporting Group.

The breed's parent club, the Chow Chow Club, Inc. (established 1906), provides extensive resources for breeders, including mentorship programs, educational materials on proper breed type, and support for health research initiatives. The club emphasizes preserving the breed's distinctive characteristics while addressing significant health challenges, particularly the breed's extremely high elbow dysplasia rate and common eye conditions.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

The Chow Chow breed standard emphasizes a powerful, sturdy, squarely built dog with Arctic type characteristics. For breeding stock selection, understanding the standard's priorities is essential.

Critical breed-defining characteristics:

Head and expression: The Chow Chow's head is one of its most distinctive features. Breeders must prioritize the characteristic scowling expression created by the combination of small, triangular, erect ears set well forward and high on the skull, combined with proper eye placement and shape. The ears must be carried stiffly erect without any break from base to tip - a drop ear or any deviation from strict erectness is a disqualification. The muzzle should be broad and well-padded, creating the distinctive "bear-like" appearance.

Blue-black tongue: The tongue must be solid blue-black without any pink or red spots. This is an absolute breed requirement and a disqualification if not met. Any tongue with red, pink, or spotted pigmentation cannot be used in breeding programs. This trait is controlled by genetics, and both parents must carry proper tongue pigmentation to produce consistently correct puppies.

Size and proportions: Males and females both stand 17-20 inches at the shoulder. The breed standard calls for a square, balanced silhouette with equal length from forechest to point of buttocks as height at withers. Males typically weigh 55-70 pounds, while females range 45-55 pounds. Heavy bone and substantial musculature are essential - light-boned or refined individuals lack proper breed type.

Structure and gait: The Chow Chow's rear angulation is unique among breeds. The standard specifically describes limited rear angulation that produces the characteristic stilted, short-strided gait. Breeders must understand this is CORRECT for the breed - excessive rear angulation or a normal, flowing gait indicates improper structure. The stilted movement results from straighter stifle and hock angulation combined with the breed's characteristic high tail set.

Coat and ruff: Two coat varieties exist (rough and smooth), with the rough coat being far more common in breeding programs. The rough coat should be abundant, dense, straight, and off-standing, particularly pronounced around the head and neck to create the distinctive lion-like ruff. The double coat provides weather protection and contributes to breed type.

Disqualifications that eliminate breeding candidates:

• Drop ear or ears (any break from base to tip or not carried stiffly erect)
• Tongue red, pink, or with one or more spots of red or pink
• Nose spotted or distinctly other color than black (except blues may have solid blue or slate noses, and creams may have lighter nose color)

Serious faults affecting breeding decisions:

• Excessive loose skin or wrinkling
• Tail not carried over the back
• Lack of breed type
• Timid or aggressive behavior
• Undershot or overshot bite
• Insufficient bone or substance
• Stilted gait with no rear drive

Breeders must prioritize head type with proper expression, solid blue-black tongue pigmentation, square proportions with heavy bone, correct (limited) rear angulation producing the stilted gait, and sound temperament that is aloof but never aggressive or fearful.

Reproductive Profile

Chow Chows have moderate reproductive characteristics with some breed-specific considerations that breeders must understand.

Litter size: The average Chow Chow litter contains 5 puppies, with a typical range of 1-9 puppies. Litter size distribution shows the most common litter size is 5 puppies (25% of litters), followed by 4 puppies (20%) and 6 puppies (18%). Very small litters (1-2 puppies) occur in approximately 13% of pregnancies, while large litters of 7-9 puppies are relatively uncommon, representing about 12% of litters combined.

Cesarean section rate: The C-section rate for Chow Chows is approximately 18%, which is moderate compared to other breeds. This is significantly lower than brachycephalic breeds like the French Bulldog (over 80%) but higher than breeds with typical head-to-pelvis ratios. Natural whelping is the most common method, but breeders should have veterinary backup readily available given the nearly one-in-five chance of surgical intervention.

Fertility challenges specific to the breed:

Breeding frequency limitation: Chow Chows should only be bred every other year to allow proper physical and metabolic recovery. The breed's heavy build, profuse coat, and demanding pregnancy mean that annual breeding places excessive stress on dams. Responsible breeders plan breeding programs around this two-year cycle.

Mating difficulties: Some Chow Chow lines experience difficulty with natural mating due to the breed's heavy build and extremely profuse coat. The thick ruff and coat around the rear quarters can interfere with proper positioning during breeding. While natural mating is preferred, fresh AI is commonly used when stud travel is impractical or when physical mating proves challenging.

GDV risk during pregnancy: The Chow Chow's deep, moderately wide chest creates increased risk for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV/bloat) during pregnancy. Pregnant dams require careful monitoring of feeding schedules, meal sizes, and activity levels to minimize this life-threatening condition. Multiple small meals and restricted exercise after eating are essential management strategies.

Temperature regulation during whelping: The breed's heavy double coat creates significant challenges with temperature regulation during labor. Whelping rooms must be kept cooler than for most breeds (65-70°F rather than 75-80°F) to prevent maternal hyperthermia and exhaustion during labor. Overheating can lead to prolonged labor, maternal distress, and increased C-section risk.

Artificial insemination suitability: Fresh AI is commonly used and generally successful in Chow Chows, particularly when stud dogs are located at a distance or when coat interference complicates natural breeding. Frozen AI is available but less commonly utilized, with slightly lower success rates than fresh AI. Proper timing via progesterone testing is essential for AI success.

Breeding Age and Timeline

Establishing an appropriate breeding timeline ensures both parents are physically mature and health-tested before producing a litter.

First heat and breeding age:

Females: Chow Chow females typically experience their first heat between 6-12 months of age, though some individuals may cycle slightly later. However, first breeding should NOT occur until 18-24 months of age, ideally at the season closest to the female's second birthday. This delayed breeding age allows complete physical maturation, proper hip and elbow radiograph evaluation at 24 months (OFA minimum age), and assessment of temperament stability.

Males: Males should also be at least 18-24 months before being used at stud. This ensures physical maturity, completion of all health certifications, and opportunity to evaluate adult temperament and structure. Young males may be less successful at natural breeding due to inexperience and the physical demands of the Chow Chow's heavy build.

OFA health testing timeline: The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals requires dogs to be at least 24 months old for permanent hip and elbow dysplasia certification. Given that elbow dysplasia affects nearly 50% of tested Chow Chows, this timeline is absolutely critical. Preliminary evaluations can be performed at 12-18 months to screen for obvious problems, but breeding decisions should not be finalized until permanent certification at 24 months.

Complete pre-breeding health testing schedule:

1. 18-20 months: Eye examination (ACVO ophthalmologist) - initial screening for entropion, which is very common in the breed
2. 20-22 months: Thyroid panel (OFA) - screens for autoimmune thyroiditis
3. 22-24 months: Patellar luxation evaluation (OFA)
4. 24 months: Hip dysplasia radiographs (OFA, PennHIP, or OVC)
5. 24 months: Elbow dysplasia radiographs (OFA or OVC) - CRITICAL given 49.8% dysplasia rate
6. Pre-breeding (any age): Color dilution alopecia DNA test if breeding blue dogs

Retirement and maximum litters: Chow Chow females should be retired from breeding at 6-7 years of age. Given the recommendation to breed only every other year, this allows a maximum of 3-4 litters per female over her breeding career. The physical demands of pregnancy, whelping, and raising puppies in this heavy-coated, substantial breed make earlier retirement appropriate compared to many other breeds. Males can potentially remain fertile longer but should be monitored for declining sperm quality and libido as they age.

Required Health Testing

The Chow Chow Club, Inc. maintains a comprehensive CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) program that requires specific health clearances. These tests screen for the breed's most significant hereditary conditions.

CHIC required tests:

Hip Dysplasia (OFA, PennHIP, or OVC): Screens for hip joint malformation and degenerative joint disease. Radiographs are evaluated for laxity, subluxation, and arthritic changes. The Chow Chow breed average hip score is 18.5, indicating moderate hip dysplasia prevalence. Cost: approximately $150 for radiographs and evaluation.

Elbow Dysplasia (OFA or OVC): This is THE most critical health test for Chow Chow breeders. OFA data from 1974-2020 shows that 49.8% of tested Chow Chows are dysplastic - the highest rate among commonly tested breeds. Elbow radiographs screen for fragmented coronoid process, ununited anconeal process, osteochondritis dissecans, and incongruity. Both elbows are evaluated and given individual grades. Cost: approximately $120.

Eye Examination (ACVO Ophthalmologist): Annual examination by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist screens for entropion (extremely common in Chow Chows), ectropion, cataracts, progressive retinal atrophy, and other ocular conditions. Entropion, where the eyelid rolls inward causing lashes to rub the cornea, affects a very high percentage of Chow Chows and can be present from puppyhood through adulthood. Cost: approximately $55 per examination. This test must be performed annually.

Autoimmune Thyroiditis (OFA Thyroid Panel): Comprehensive blood panel measuring T3, T4, free T3, free T4, and thyroid antibodies. Chow Chows are at high risk for autoimmune thyroid disease, which can manifest as hypothyroidism with clinical signs including weight gain, lethargy, hair loss, and behavioral changes. Cost: approximately $184.

Patellar Luxation (OFA): Physical examination evaluating whether the kneecap stays properly positioned within the femoral groove or luxates (dislocates) medially or laterally. While less prevalent than elbow issues, patellar luxation occurs with moderate frequency in the breed. Cost: approximately $75.

Total estimated CHIC testing cost per dog: $584

This represents the minimum investment for health clearances on a single breeding dog. Females used for multiple litters require annual eye examinations ($55/year) in addition to the one-time orthopedic and thyroid tests.

Additional recommended tests beyond CHIC requirements:

Cardiac Evaluation (Advanced): While not CHIC-required, cardiac screening via echocardiogram performed by a board-certified veterinary cardiologist can identify congenital and acquired heart conditions. Cost: approximately $150.

Color Dilution Alopecia DNA Test: For breeders working with blue (dilute black) Chow Chows, DNA testing identifies dogs carrying the gene for color dilution alopecia, a cosmetic condition causing progressive hair loss in dilute-colored dogs. This is an autosomal recessive condition, so test results guide breeding decisions to avoid producing affected puppies. Cost: approximately $75.

Hereditary Health Conditions

Chow Chows are predisposed to several hereditary conditions that significantly impact breeding program decisions. Understanding prevalence, inheritance modes, and available testing enables informed mate selection.

Entropion: This is one of the most prevalent conditions in the breed. Entropion occurs when the eyelid margins roll inward, causing eyelashes and facial hair to rub against the cornea. Clinical signs include excessive tearing, squinting, corneal ulceration, pain, and potential vision loss if untreated. The condition can be congenital (present in puppies) or acquired (developing in adulthood). Inheritance is polygenic with environmental factors also contributing. No DNA test is available. Breeding decisions should strongly favor dogs with correct eyelid conformation and no history of entropion. Surgical correction disqualifies dogs from conformation showing but does not eliminate the genetic tendency.

Elbow Dysplasia: With 49.8% of tested Chow Chows showing dysplastic changes, this is the breed's most critical orthopedic concern. Elbow dysplasia encompasses several developmental abnormalities including fragmented coronoid process (most common), ununited anconeal process, osteochondritis dissecans, and elbow incongruity. Clinical signs include front limb lameness (particularly after exercise), elbow pain and swelling, and progressive arthritis. Onset typically occurs between 4-12 months of age. Inheritance is polygenic. No DNA test exists. OFA radiographic evaluation is essential. Breeding decisions must prioritize OFA "Normal" ratings and strongly disfavor breeding any dog with elbow dysplasia given the breed's already extreme prevalence.

Hip Dysplasia: While less prevalent than elbow dysplasia, hip dysplasia still affects approximately 28% of tested Chow Chows (breed average score 18.5). Hip dysplasia involves malformation of the hip joint with varying degrees of laxity, subluxation, and secondary degenerative joint disease. Clinical signs include hip pain, decreased activity, difficulty rising, bunny-hopping gait, and eventual lameness. Onset is typically between 4 months to 2 years. Inheritance is polygenic with environmental factors (growth rate, exercise, nutrition) also contributing. OFA or PennHIP evaluation is essential for all breeding stock.

Hypothyroidism/Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Chow Chows are at high risk for autoimmune thyroid disease, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism. Clinical signs include unexplained weight gain, lethargy, bilateral symmetric hair loss, dry coat, cold intolerance, recurrent skin infections, and behavioral changes including anxiety or aggression. Age of onset is typically 2-6 years. The condition is autoimmune with genetic predisposition. No specific DNA test exists. OFA thyroid panels measuring complete thyroid hormone levels and antibodies identify affected and at-risk individuals. Thyroid supplementation manages clinical signs but does not address the genetic component.

Patellar Luxation: The kneecap (patella) dislocates from the femoral groove, typically medially in Chow Chows. Clinical signs include intermittent lameness, skipping gait (particularly in rear legs), pain during episodes, and eventual arthritis if chronic. Age of onset is variable from puppyhood to adulthood. Inheritance is polygenic with genetic predisposition. OFA patellar evaluation identifies affected individuals. Breeding should favor dogs with OFA Normal ratings. Surgical correction is available for severe cases but affected dogs should not be used for breeding.

Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV/Bloat): The Chow Chow's deep, moderately wide chest configuration increases risk for this life-threatening emergency. The stomach fills with gas (dilatation) and may rotate (volvulus), cutting off blood supply. Clinical signs include rapid abdominal distension, nonproductive retching, restlessness, rapid heart rate, pale gums, and shock. This is an acute emergency requiring immediate surgery. Age-related risk increases in middle to senior years. Inheritance is multifactorial involving anatomy, genetics, and environmental triggers (large meals, exercise after eating, stress). No DNA test exists. Preventive gastropexy can be performed during spay/neuter or as a standalone procedure. Breeders should educate puppy buyers about risk factors and emergency signs.

Oral Melanoma: Chow Chows are significantly overrepresented in canine oral melanoma cases, suggesting a strong genetic component. This highly aggressive cancer develops in the oral cavity, presenting as masses on the gums, tongue, or palate. Clinical signs include difficulty eating, excessive drooling, facial swelling, foul breath, and bleeding from the mouth. The cancer has a very high metastatic rate, spreading rapidly to lymph nodes and lungs. Age of onset is typically middle age to senior years. The specific inheritance mode is unclear though genetic predisposition is evident. No screening test or DNA test exists. This is a significant breed health concern with poor prognosis.

Color Dilution Alopecia (CDA): This cosmetic condition affects blue (dilute black) Chow Chows with higher incidence than in the general dog population. Progressive hair thinning and loss begins in dilute-colored areas, accompanied by dry, flaky skin and secondary skin infections. Age of onset is typically 6 months to 3 years. Inheritance is autosomal recessive - both parents must carry the gene to produce affected puppies. DNA testing is available to identify carriers. Breeding decisions for blue dogs should utilize testing to avoid carrier-to-carrier matings that produce affected puppies. The condition is cosmetic (not life-threatening) but affects quality of life and coat maintenance.

Color and Coat Genetics

The Chow Chow is recognized in five color varieties, with color genetics being moderately complex for breeders to understand.

AKC accepted colors:

• Red (most common)
• Black
• Blue (dilute black)
• Cinnamon (dilute red, also called fawn)
• Cream (very light dilute red)

No colors are disqualifying, though the AKC standard notes that solid-colored dogs are preferred, with lighter shadings on ruff, tail, and breechings being acceptable.

Relevant genetic loci:

E locus (Extension): Controls distribution of red vs. black pigment. The dominant E allele allows normal pigment distribution. The recessive e allele restricts black pigment, producing solid red dogs. Most Chow Chows are E/- (can produce black pigment).

A locus (Agouti): Determines pattern of pigment distribution. The sable allele (ay) is common in red and cream Chow Chows, producing the lighter shadings on neck, tail, and rear that the standard allows.

K locus (Dominant Black): The dominant KB allele produces solid black dogs by overriding agouti patterning. Black Chow Chows are KB/-.

D locus (Dilution): The recessive d/d genotype dilutes black to blue (gray) and red to cinnamon or cream. Blue and cinnamon Chow Chows are d/d (homozygous for dilution), while red and black dogs are typically D/- (at least one dominant allele for full pigment intensity).

Common genotypes:

• Red: E/-, ay/ay or ay/a, ky/ky, D/-
• Black: E/-, -/-, KB/-, D/-
• Blue: E/-, -/-, KB/-, d/d
• Cinnamon: E/-, ay/ay or ay/a, ky/ky, d/d
• Cream: E/-, ay/ay or ay/a, ky/ky, d/d (with additional modifiers)

Health-linked color considerations:

Blue (dilute): Blue Chow Chows (d/d genotype) have increased risk for Color Dilution Alopecia, a cosmetic condition causing progressive hair loss and skin issues. DNA testing identifies carriers (D/d) and at-risk (d/d) dogs. Breeders producing blue puppies should test parents and avoid carrier-to-carrier matings (D/d x D/d) that can produce affected d/d puppies with CDA. Breeding blue-to-blue (d/d x d/d) guarantees all puppies are d/d and at increased CDA risk.

Breeding color predictions:

Understanding parent genotypes allows prediction of puppy colors:

• Red x Red: Typically produces all red puppies (some may be cinnamon or cream if both parents carry d)
• Black x Red: Can produce black, red, or blue/cinnamon depending on genotypes
• Blue x Blue: Produces 100% blue puppies (all d/d)
• Black x Blue: Produces black (D/d) and blue (d/d) puppies in varying ratios

Color genetics can be complex when multiple loci interact. DNA color testing through companies like Animal Genetics or UC Davis VGL provides genotype information enabling informed breeding decisions.

Selecting Breeding Stock

Selecting appropriate breeding stock requires evaluation across multiple criteria, with the Chow Chow's unique breed characteristics demanding specialized knowledge.

Conformation priorities from the standard:

Head type with proper scowling expression: This is the signature Chow Chow characteristic. Breeding stock must have the distinctive broad, flat-topped skull, small triangular erect ears, moderate stop, broad well-padded muzzle, and proper eye placement creating the scowling expression. Ears must be perfectly erect with no break or tilt.

Solid blue-black tongue pigmentation: Non-negotiable. Any pink, red, or spotted tongue disqualifies the dog from breeding consideration. Both parents must have solid blue-black tongues to reliably produce puppies with correct pigmentation.

Square proportions with heavy bone: The breed should present a square silhouette with equal length and height. Insufficient bone or light build indicates lack of breed type. Breeding stock should represent the substantial, powerful build described in the standard.

Correct rear angulation producing stilted gait: This is counterintuitive for breeders familiar with other breeds. The Chow Chow's limited rear angulation is CORRECT and produces the characteristic stilted, short-strided movement. Selecting for more angulation and drive destroys proper breed type.

Sound structure free from major joint dysplasia: Given the breed's 49.8% elbow dysplasia rate and 28% hip dysplasia prevalence, selecting breeding stock with OFA Normal ratings for elbows and Good or Excellent for hips is critical to improving breed health.

Proper temperament: Dignified and aloof but NOT aggressive or timid. The standard specifically lists both aggressive and timid behavior as serious faults. Breeding stock should be discerning with strangers but confident and stable in temperament.

Common structural faults to select against:

• Drop ears or ears that tilt or break
• Pink or spotted tongue
• Light bone or refined build
• Long body (not square)
• Excessive rear angulation or normal (non-stilted) movement
• Soft or incorrect coat texture
• Excessive loose skin or wrinkling (though some wrinkling on the head is acceptable)
• Aggressive, fearful, or anxious temperament

Temperament evaluation methods:

Formal temperament testing: Given that both aggressive and timid behavior are serious faults, thorough temperament evaluation is essential. Test potential breeding stock's reaction to novel situations, strange people, sudden noises, and handling by unfamiliar individuals. The ideal Chow Chow is dignified and reserved but never fearful or aggressive.

Multi-generational temperament history: Evaluate temperament across multiple generations. Unstable temperament tends to run in lines. Ask about the temperament of siblings, parents, grandparents, and other relatives.

Socialization response: Well-socialized Chow Chows should tolerate (if not enjoy) a variety of situations while maintaining their characteristic aloofness. Extreme shyness or aggression despite proper socialization indicates genetic temperament issues.

Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI) targets:

The breed average COI is approximately 12.5%, which is relatively high and indicates moderate inbreeding. Breeders should target a COI under 6.25% (approximately half the breed average) for individual litters. This requires careful pedigree analysis and potentially outcrossing to less-related lines. The small population and declining registration numbers make maintaining genetic diversity challenging.

Stud selection criteria:

When selecting a stud dog, prioritize:

1. Complementary strengths: The stud should excel in areas where the female needs improvement
2. Health clearances: Demand current CHIC certification including Normal elbows (critical), Good or Excellent hips, Normal patellas, current eye clearance, and normal thyroid panel
3. Proven production: For first-time breeders, using a proven stud with quality offspring reduces risk
4. Temperament: Stable, confident temperament without aggression
5. COI consideration: Calculate expected COI for the proposed breeding and aim for under 6.25%

Stud fee range: Stud fees for quality Chow Chows with full health clearances and show titles typically range from $2,000 to $5,000, with an average around $3,500. Exceptional studs with outstanding pedigrees, multiple titles, and exceptional health clearances may command higher fees.

Show quality versus breeding quality:

Not every show-quality dog is appropriate for breeding, and not every breeding-quality dog is competitive in the show ring. Breeding stock should possess excellent health clearances and sound temperament above all else. Show success indicates correct type and structure but does not guarantee freedom from hereditary health conditions or reproductive soundness.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Chow Chow whelping presents several breed-specific considerations that distinguish it from many other breeds.

Whelping method: Natural whelping is the most common approach for Chow Chows, with an 18% C-section rate. While this is moderate compared to brachycephalic breeds, it means nearly one in five litters requires surgical delivery. Breeders should establish a relationship with a veterinarian experienced in canine reproduction and have emergency contact information readily available 24/7 during the whelping window.

Breed-specific complications:

GDV risk during pregnancy and labor: The deep chest that predisposes Chow Chows to bloat becomes an even greater concern during pregnancy. Pregnant dams should receive multiple small meals daily rather than large meals, and exercise should be restricted after feeding. Monitor closely for signs of bloat (abdominal distension, nonproductive retching, restlessness, rapid breathing) throughout pregnancy and especially during labor.

Temperature regulation challenges: The Chow Chow's profuse double coat and heavy ruff create significant heat retention. Unlike most breeds that require warm whelping rooms (75-80°F), Chow Chows whelp best in cooler environments (65-70°F). Overheating during labor can cause maternal exhaustion, prolonged labor, and increased C-section risk. Provide adequate air circulation and monitor the dam for panting and heat stress.

Maternal behavior concerns: Some Chow Chow dams, particularly first-time mothers, may show reduced maternal instinct due to the breed's aloof temperament. Monitor closely after whelping to ensure the dam accepts, cleans, and nurses puppies appropriately. Some dams require encouragement and assistance to care for their litter, especially in the first 24-48 hours. This is not necessarily a temperament fault but rather an extension of the breed's independent nature.

First-time dam considerations: Inexperienced dams may need more hands-on assistance due to the breed's heavy build and potential awkwardness navigating around puppies. Supervise closely to prevent accidental injury to puppies and provide support as needed.

Birth weight expectations:

Males: 10-14 ounces at birth Females: 9-12 ounces at birth

Puppies significantly below this range may be at higher risk for fading puppy syndrome and require supplemental feeding and intensive monitoring.

Daily weight gain targets: Chow Chow puppies should gain 5-10% of their birth weight daily. For a puppy born at 12 ounces, expect approximately 0.6-1.2 ounces daily weight gain. Weigh all puppies daily at the same time to monitor growth patterns and identify puppies falling behind.

Fading puppy risk factors: While fading puppy syndrome can affect any breed, Chow Chow breeders should be particularly alert for:

• Inadequate colostrum intake in the first 24 hours
• Hypothermia (puppies unable to maintain body temperature)
• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
• Congenital abnormalities
• Maternal neglect requiring supplemental feeding

Supplemental feeding protocols: Keep high-quality puppy milk replacer, nursing bottles, and tube feeding supplies on hand. Puppies who fail to gain weight or who are pushed off the teat by larger littermates may require supplementation. Tube feeding every 2-3 hours may be necessary for very small or weak puppies.

Tail docking, dewclaw removal, and ear cropping practices:

Dewclaw removal: NOT standard practice for Chow Chows. Dewclaws are typically left intact.

Tail docking: NOT performed. The Chow Chow's naturally high-set tail carried over the back is part of the breed standard.

Ear cropping: NOT performed. The Chow Chow's small, naturally erect ears are a breed hallmark.

Chow Chow puppies require no cosmetic alterations, which simplifies neonatal care compared to breeds requiring these procedures.

Puppy Development Milestones

Understanding typical Chow Chow puppy development enables breeders to properly time evaluations, socialization activities, and placement decisions.

Growth patterns: Chow Chow puppies experience rapid early growth, particularly during the first 12 weeks. Males grow slightly faster and larger than females, with sexual dimorphism evident from birth.

Week-by-week milestones:

Birth-Week 2 (Neonatal period): Puppies are born with eyes and ear canals closed, capable only of rooting, suckling, and limited crawling. Primary focus is eating and sleeping. Weight should approximately double by week 2.

Week 2-3 (Transitional period): Eyes open around day 10-14, ear canals open around day 13-15. Puppies begin standing, walking (wobbly), and eliminating without stimulation. Baby teeth begin erupting around day 14-21.

Week 3-12 (Socialization period): THIS IS THE MOST CRITICAL PERIOD for shaping adult temperament. The primary socialization window is 3-14 weeks, though it continues through 6 months.

Week 3-4: Puppies become increasingly mobile and interactive. Introduce novel surfaces, sounds, and gentle handling. Begin early neurological stimulation if not started earlier.

Week 4-5: Weaning process begins (4-6 weeks). Introduce moistened puppy food. Puppies begin interacting with littermates, developing bite inhibition through play. The Chow Chow's characteristic aloofness has NOT yet developed - puppies should still be outgoing and curious.

Week 5-7: Intensive socialization period. Expose puppies to various people (different ages, appearances, voices), other vaccinated dogs with stable temperaments, household sounds, car rides, and different environments. This prevents fearfulness and supports development of confident, stable temperament. Given the breed's tendency toward aloofness and guarding instincts, extensive early socialization is CRITICAL.

Week 7-8: First fear period typically occurs. Puppies may suddenly show wariness toward previously accepted stimuli. Avoid traumatic experiences during this period. Continue gentle, positive exposures but don't force interactions. This fear period is temporary.

Week 8-10: Traditional go-home age. By 8 weeks, puppies have benefited from littermate interaction learning bite inhibition and canine social skills. The critical socialization window is still open, so new owners must continue intensive socialization efforts.

Week 10-16: Ongoing socialization and habituation. Second fear period may occur during this timeframe (typically 8-11 months in Chow Chows). Maintain positive exposures while avoiding overwhelming experiences.

Week 12-16: Most puppies have received multiple vaccine series and can safely interact with the broader dog community. Puppy kindergarten classes provide excellent socialization opportunities.

Structural evaluation timing:

8 weeks: Initial evaluation for overall balance, head type, ear carriage (should be fully erect by 8 weeks), tongue pigmentation (must be solid blue-black), and rear angulation. Preliminary assessment of show versus pet quality, though puppies change significantly.

6 months: Second evaluation as puppy proportions begin approaching adult structure. Assess square proportions, substance, coat development, ear set and carriage, head type refinement, and rear angulation. Re-evaluate show potential.

12-18 months: Final structural evaluation. By 12 months, most Chow Chows have achieved near-adult proportions, though males may continue filling out through 18-24 months. Final determination of breeding and show quality occurs at this age after completion of growth.

Weaning age: Gradual weaning begins at 4 weeks with introduction of moistened puppy food, with complete weaning by 6 weeks. Some dams naturally begin weaning earlier due to discomfort from puppy teeth.

Go-home age: 8-10 weeks is standard. Some breeders prefer 10 weeks for show-prospect puppies to allow additional evaluation time and socialization foundation.

Adult size achievement: Chow Chows reach full height by approximately 12 months but continue filling out and maturing until 16-18 months. Males may continue developing substance and coat profusion through 2 years of age.

Socialization window: The critical socialization period is 3-14 weeks, with ongoing socialization through 6 months. Given the Chow Chow's genetic tendency toward aloofness, wariness of strangers, and guarding behavior, maximizing positive socialization during this window is absolutely essential. Under-socialized Chow Chows may develop fear-based aggression or excessive shyness - both serious faults. Breeders must provide intensive early socialization and educate puppy buyers about continuing this crucial work.

Breeding Economics

Understanding the complete financial picture of breeding Chow Chows helps set realistic expectations and ensures adequate budgeting for responsible breeding practices.

Complete cost breakdown for a typical litter:

Health testing (dam): $584 - This covers the one-time costs of hip evaluation ($150), elbow evaluation ($120), thyroid panel ($184), patellar luxation ($75), and one year's eye examination ($55). For dams producing multiple litters, add $55 per year for required annual eye exams.

Stud fee: $3,500 - Average stud fee for a quality male with full health clearances and titles. Range is typically $2,000-$5,000 depending on the stud's accomplishments and health testing.

Progesterone testing: $300 - Multiple blood draws to pinpoint optimal breeding time, essential for AI success and helpful for natural breeding timing. Typically 3-4 tests at $75-100 each.

Prenatal veterinary care: $450 - Includes breeding soundness exam, ultrasound confirmation of pregnancy (day 28-32), and pre-whelping examination. Does not include emergency care if complications arise.

Whelping costs (natural): $1,200 - Includes whelping supplies (heat source, digital scale, puppy milk replacer, nursing bottles, clean bedding, antiseptic supplies), veterinary supervision or consultation during whelping, and post-whelping dam and litter examination. This assumes an uncomplicated natural delivery.

Whelping costs (C-section): $2,500 - Emergency or planned C-section including surgery, anesthesia, hospitalization, and post-operative care. Given the breed's 18% C-section rate, there's nearly a one-in-five chance of needing surgical delivery.

Puppy veterinary costs: $120 per puppy x 5 puppies = $600 - Includes first vaccines (typically at 6 and 8 weeks), deworming (multiple treatments), and health examination before placement. Based on average litter size of 5 puppies.

Food and supplies: $800 - High-quality puppy food from weaning through 8-10 weeks for an average litter, plus increased food for pregnant and lactating dam. Chow Chow dams require significant caloric intake to maintain condition while nursing.

AKC registration: $200 - Includes litter registration with AKC and individual puppy registrations (additional if offering limited vs. full registration papers).

Total cost (natural whelping): Approximately $7,634

Total cost (C-section): Approximately $8,934

These figures do NOT include:

• Pre-breeding costs of showing the dam to championship or acquiring the dam
• Health testing costs for the stud (if owned)
• Marketing and advertising expenses
• Facilities and equipment (whelping box, ex-pen, etc.)
• Time investment (considerable for 8+ weeks of puppy care)

Puppy pricing:

Pet quality (limited AKC registration): Average $2,150 - Pet-quality puppies have minor faults that make them unsuitable for show or breeding (e.g., slightly light ears, less-than-ideal proportions, lacking in substance) but are healthy, well-socialized companions with proper tongue pigmentation and breed type.

Show quality (full AKC registration): Average $4,000 - Show-prospect puppies display excellent breed type, structure, temperament, and health clearances in pedigree. Sold with expectation of being shown and/or used in breeding programs.

Average litter revenue (5 puppies):

Assuming a typical mix of pet and show puppies: 3 pet-quality at $2,150 and 2 show-quality at $4,000 = $14,450

However, the actual average revenue reported is $10,750, suggesting either conservative pricing or all puppies sold as pet-quality, which is common for breeders focused on placement quality over maximum profit.

Net profit/loss analysis:

Best-case scenario (natural whelping, 5 puppies):

• Revenue: $10,750
• Costs: $7,634
• Net: +$3,116

Typical scenario (natural whelping, 5 puppies, average pricing):

• Revenue: $10,750
• Costs: $7,634
• Net: +$3,116

Complicated scenario (C-section, 5 puppies):

• Revenue: $10,750
• Costs: $8,934
• Net: +$1,816

Small litter scenario (natural whelping, 3 puppies):

• Revenue: $6,450 (3 pet puppies)
• Costs: $7,394 (reduced puppy vet costs)
• Net: -$944 (financial loss)

Reality check: These calculations demonstrate that responsible Chow Chow breeding with full health testing, quality veterinary care, and appropriate puppy rearing is minimally profitable at best and often represents a financial loss. Breeders motivated primarily by profit will cut corners on health testing, veterinary care, or puppy socialization - all detrimental to the breed. Responsible breeding is undertaken out of dedication to breed preservation and improvement, not financial gain.

Breeder Resources

Chow Chow Club, Inc. (CCCI) - The AKC parent club, founded in 1906. Provides extensive breeder education, mentorship programs, health research support, and regional club connections. Website: https://chowclub.org/ccci/

Regional Chow Chow clubs - Numerous regional clubs exist throughout the United States offering local mentorship, specialty shows, and educational seminars. Contact CCCI for regional club listings.

AKC Breeder Programs:

AKC Breeder of Merit - Recognition program for breeders demonstrating commitment to health testing, continuing education, and production of quality dogs. Requirements include CHIC testing on all breeding stock.

AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T. - Program recognizing breeders who meet high standards for Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, and Tradition.

Recommended reading:

• The Complete Chow Chow by Dr. Samuel Draper - Comprehensive breed reference covering history, standard interpretation, breeding, and health
• The Chow Chow by Liz Somerville - Detailed coverage of breed characteristics and care
• Chow Chows: Everything About Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Behavior, and Training - Practical guide for breed-specific management

Online communities:

• ChowChow.org forum - Active online community for Chow Chow enthusiasts, breeders, and owners
• Chow Chow Club, Inc. member network - Members-only resources and discussion forums
• AKC Chow Chow breed community - Official breed community through the AKC

Health resources:

• Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) - Central database for health testing results (ofa.org)
• Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) - CHIC program requirements and database (caninehealthinfo.org)
• Chow Chow Club Health Committee - Breed-specific health research and recommendations

Mentorship: New breeders are strongly encouraged to establish mentorship relationships with experienced Chow Chow breeders. The parent club maintains a breeder referral directory and can facilitate mentor connections. Given the breed's significant health challenges (particularly the 49.8% elbow dysplasia rate) and unique structural characteristics, working with knowledgeable mentors is invaluable.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Chow Chows typically have?

Chow Chows have an average litter size of 5 puppies, with a typical range of 1-9 puppies. The most common litter size is 5 puppies (occurring in 25% of litters), followed by 4 puppies (20%) and 6 puppies (18%). Very small litters of 1-2 puppies occur in approximately 13% of pregnancies, while larger litters of 7-9 puppies are relatively uncommon at about 12% combined. Litter size can be influenced by dam age, breeding timing, stud fertility, and individual genetics.

Do Chow Chows need C-sections?

Chow Chows have an approximately 18% C-section rate, meaning about one in five litters requires surgical delivery. This is moderate compared to brachycephalic breeds with C-section rates above 80%, like the French Bulldog, but higher than breeds with more typical head-to-pelvis proportions. Most Chow Chows whelp naturally, but breeders should have 24/7 access to veterinary emergency services during the whelping window. Factors increasing C-section likelihood include first-time dams, very small or very large litters, prolonged labor, and individual anatomical variations.

What health tests are required for breeding Chow Chows?

The Chow Chow CHIC program requires five specific health clearances: (1) Hip Dysplasia evaluation via OFA, PennHIP, or OVC radiographs, (2) Elbow Dysplasia evaluation via OFA or OVC radiographs - this is THE most critical test given the breed's 49.8% elbow dysplasia rate, (3) Eye examination by an ACVO-certified veterinary ophthalmologist (required annually), (4) Autoimmune Thyroiditis screening via OFA thyroid panel, and (5) Patellar Luxation evaluation via OFA. Total cost is approximately $584 per dog, plus $55 annually for ongoing eye examinations. Additional recommended tests include cardiac evaluation and Color Dilution Alopecia DNA testing for blue dogs.

How much does it cost to breed Chow Chows?

A responsibly bred Chow Chow litter with full health testing costs approximately $7,634 for natural whelping or $8,934 for a C-section. Major expenses include health testing ($584), stud fee ($3,500 average), progesterone testing ($300), prenatal care ($450), whelping costs ($1,200 natural or $2,500 C-section), puppy veterinary care ($600 for average 5-puppy litter), food and supplies ($800), and AKC registration ($200). These figures do not include the breeder's time investment, facilities, or pre-breeding costs like showing the dam to championship. Small litters or C-sections can easily result in financial losses.

At what age can you breed a Chow Chow?

Female Chow Chows should not be bred until 18-24 months of age, ideally at the season closest to their second birthday. While first heat typically occurs at 6-12 months, breeding at this young age is inappropriate. The 18-24 month minimum allows complete physical maturation, OFA health testing at 24 months (the minimum age for permanent hip and elbow certification), and temperament stability assessment. Males should also be at least 18-24 months before stud use. The breed should only be bred every other year to allow proper recovery, limiting females to 3-4 litters maximum over a breeding career ending by age 6-7 years.

How much do Chow Chow puppies cost?

Pet-quality Chow Chow puppies from health-tested parents typically cost around $2,150 with limited AKC registration. Show-quality puppies with breeding rights average $4,000. Puppies from titled parents with extensive health clearances, particularly those with Normal elbows (given the breed's nearly 50% elbow dysplasia rate), command premium pricing. Prices significantly below $1,500 typically indicate lack of health testing, poor breeding practices, or puppy mill origins. Responsible breeders invest $7,634+ per litter in health testing, veterinary care, and proper puppy rearing, which is reflected in appropriate pricing.

What are the most common health problems in Chow Chows?

Elbow dysplasia is the most prevalent health concern, affecting 49.8% of tested Chow Chows - the highest rate among commonly tested breeds. Other major concerns include entropion (extremely common eyelid condition causing lashes to rub the cornea), hip dysplasia (28% of tested dogs), hypothyroidism/autoimmune thyroiditis, patellar luxation, gastric dilatation-volvulus (bloat), oral melanoma (breed is overrepresented), and Color Dilution Alopecia in blue dogs. The breed's significant orthopedic issues make comprehensive health testing absolutely essential. Responsible breeders prioritize OFA Normal elbow ratings and Good/Excellent hip ratings when selecting breeding stock.

Is breeding Chow Chows profitable?

Breeding Chow Chows responsibly with full health testing is minimally profitable at best and often represents a financial loss. With costs around $7,634 per litter (natural whelping) and average revenue of $10,750 for a 5-puppy litter, the theoretical profit is approximately $3,116. However, a C-section (18% likelihood) reduces profit to $1,816. Small litters of 3 puppies result in financial losses. These calculations exclude the breeder's time investment (significant for 8+ weeks of intensive puppy care), facilities, showing/titling the dam, marketing, and long-term health guarantees. Breeders motivated by profit typically cut corners on health testing and care - practices detrimental to the breed. Responsible breeding is undertaken for breed preservation and improvement, not financial gain.

Why do Chow Chows have blue tongues?

The blue-black tongue is one of the Chow Chow's most distinctive characteristics and is required by the breed standard - pink, red, or spotted tongues are disqualifications. The pigmentation is caused by high concentrations of melanin in the tongue tissue, similar to the pigment in skin and coat. The trait is genetically controlled, and both parents must have proper tongue pigmentation to reliably produce puppies with solid blue-black tongues. While the Chow Chow is the most well-known breed with this characteristic, the closely related Chinese Shar-Pei also has blue-black tongue pigmentation. The trait was highly valued in ancient China and remains a defining breed characteristic.

Can Chow Chows with pink tongues be bred?

No. Any tongue coloration other than solid blue-black (including red, pink, or spotted tongues) is a disqualification under the AKC breed standard. Dogs with improper tongue pigmentation should never be used in breeding programs, as they do not meet the breed standard and will produce puppies with incorrect pigmentation. Both parents must possess solid blue-black tongues to reliably produce properly pigmented offspring. This is a fundamental breed characteristic that cannot be compromised. Puppies should show full blue-black tongue pigmentation by 8 weeks of age when they go to their new homes.

How do I socialize a Chow Chow puppy properly?

Chow Chow puppies require intensive early socialization during the critical 3-14 week period to develop into confident, stable adults. The breed's genetic tendency toward aloofness and wariness of strangers makes this especially important - under-socialized Chow Chows may develop fear-based aggression or excessive shyness. Expose puppies to diverse people (various ages, appearances, voices), other healthy vaccinated dogs, household sounds, car rides, and novel environments. Continue socialization through 6 months. Puppy kindergarten classes provide excellent structured socialization. The goal is confident aloofness (breed-correct temperament) rather than fearfulness or aggression. Socialization does not eliminate the breed's natural reserve but ensures it's discerning rather than fearful.

What is the stilted gait and why is it correct for Chow Chows?

The Chow Chow's characteristic stilted gait results from limited rear angulation (straighter stifle and hock angles than most breeds) combined with the high tail set. This produces a short-strided, choppy movement that appears stiff compared to breeds with more angulation and drive. This is CORRECT for the Chow Chow and described in the breed standard. The stilted gait is a defining breed characteristic, not a fault. Breeders selecting for increased rear angulation and normal flowing movement are breeding away from proper type. Understanding that the Chow Chow's structure and movement are intentionally different from most breeds is essential for proper breeding stock evaluation.