Breeding Salukis

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Salukis requires a deep understanding of one of the world's most ancient dog breeds and a serious commitment to cardiac health screening. With a 49% prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), cardiac evaluation through annual echocardiograms is not optional—it is the foundation of responsible Saluki breeding. This guide provides breed-specific insights into health testing, reproductive considerations, the slow maturation timeline unique to Salukis, and the economic realities of breeding these elegant desert hounds.

Breed Overview

The Saluki is one of the oldest known dog breeds, with archaeological and genetic evidence tracing its lineage back to ancient Mesopotamia around 7,000 BCE. Revered by Arab tribesmen and prized for their exceptional speed and endurance, Salukis were bred to hunt gazelle and other quarry across deep desert sand and rocky mountains. The breed's name may derive from the ancient Arabian city of Saluk or be a transliteration of the Arabic word for hound. The Honorable Florence Amherst imported the first breeding pair to England in 1895 after a Nile holiday, and the American Kennel Club officially recognized the breed in 1929.

As a member of the Hound Group, the Saluki is a sighthound with moderate substance, built slightly longer than tall, with elegant lines and smooth, effortless movement. Like the Whippet, another refined sighthound in the hound group, the Saluki combines grace with functional athleticism—though the Saluki is considerably larger and was developed for endurance hunting in harsh desert climates rather than European coursing.

The Saluki currently ranks 141st in AKC popularity, with stable registration trends. The breed attracts dedicated fanciers who appreciate the Saluki's unique combination of ancient heritage, striking appearance, and reserved temperament. The parent club, the Saluki Club of America (https://salukiclub.org/), provides extensive resources for breeders and maintains registries for both smooth and feathered coat varieties.

For breeders considering this ancient breed, the single most important factor is the extraordinarily high prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiac screening is not a supplemental test—it is the cornerstone of a responsible Saluki breeding program.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

When evaluating Salukis for breeding, the standard emphasizes qualities essential to the breed's original function: the ability to kill gazelle or other quarry over deep sand or rocky mountains. This requires a unique combination of grace, speed, endurance, strength, and activity.

General Appearance and Priorities:

The whole appearance should give an impression of grace and symmetry coupled with great speed and endurance. The Saluki is a sight hound of moderate substance, slightly longer than tall, with elegant lines and smooth, effortless movement. Breeders must resist the temptation to produce excessively fine or delicate specimens—a proper Saluki has moderate substance and functional strength, not fragility.

Size Specifications:

Males stand 23-28 inches at the shoulder and weigh 45-65 pounds. Females stand 21-26 inches and weigh 35-55 pounds. While the standard allows considerable range, breeding stock should represent the midpoint of these ranges for optimal function and structural soundness.

Head and Expression:

The long, narrow head with proper stop is a breed hallmark. Round or bulging eyes are a serious fault and should be selected against—the correct eye is large, oval, and dark to hazel, contributing to the dignified, farseeing expression. The ears are long and mobile, covered with silky hair in feathered varieties.

Structure and Movement:

Deep chest with adequate spring of rib is essential for heart and lung capacity—critical given the breed's DCM prevalence. The chest should extend to the elbows. Proper angulation, both front and rear, enables the smooth, efficient, seemingly effortless gait that is a Saluki hallmark. Steep shoulders, lack of proper angulation, weak or roached toplines are all serious faults that compromise the breed's functional ability.

The topline should be level with a slight arch over the loin. An incorrect tail carriage (curled over the back) is a serious fault. Heavy bone structure that results in a loss of elegance is also a serious fault—the Saluki should never appear coarse.

Disqualifications:

The only disqualification in the Saluki standard is albinism. This makes the Saluki one of the more permissive breeds in terms of disqualifications, though breeders should note that brindle, blue (dilute), and merle colors, while not disqualifications, are extremely undesirable and considered grounds for non-breeding in responsible programs.

Breeding Stock Priorities:

Select for grace, symmetry, and elegance of form first. Movement efficiency and proper angulation follow closely. Temperament—reserved, dignified, gentle but not aggressive or fearful—is equally important. Structure that supports cardiac health (adequate chest depth and spring of rib) should be a non-negotiable priority given the breed's 49% DCM prevalence.

Saluki Reproductive Profile

Salukis have a moderate reproductive profile with some breed-specific considerations that breeders must understand before planning a litter.

Litter Size:

The average litter size is 6 puppies, with a typical range of 4-8. Litter size distribution shows 30% of litters produce 6 puppies, 25% produce 5, 20% produce 7, 15% produce 4, and 10% produce 8 or more. Smaller litters (under 4) are less common but do occur, particularly in older bitches or those bred too young. Larger litters (over 8) are rare.

C-Section Rate:

The C-section rate in Salukis is approximately 15%, which is moderate and notably lower than brachycephalic breeds. The breed's long, narrow head shape does not typically cause dystocia. Salukis are generally natural whelpers when bred at appropriate maturity. However, maiden bitches (first-time mothers) and those bred too young (under 3 years) may experience more complications.

Fertility Challenges:

The most significant fertility consideration in Salukis is slow maturation. Females should not be bred before 3 years of age due to physical and mental immaturity. Breeding too young results in lower fertility, higher whelping complications, and potentially compromises the dam's long-term health.

Some Saluki lines experience silent or irregular heat cycles, which can make breeding timing challenging. Progesterone testing is strongly recommended to pinpoint ovulation, particularly in bitches with variable cycles.

AI Suitability:

Natural breeding is preferred in Salukis, but artificial insemination (AI) is suitable when distance or timing requires it. Fresh or chilled semen AI has good success rates. Frozen semen success rates are comparable to other breeds when properly timed with progesterone testing. Given the breed's fertility challenges related to timing, many breeders opt for AI with surgical implantation to maximize conception rates, particularly when using frozen semen from valuable studs.

Breeding Age and Timeline

The Saluki's slow maturation fundamentally shapes the breeding timeline. Rushing a breeding before a Saluki reaches full physical and mental maturity compromises both the litter and the dam's welfare.

First Heat:

Saluki females typically experience their first heat between 8-14 months of age. However, first heat does NOT indicate breeding readiness. Some Saluki lines have later first heats (12-14 months), and irregular or silent heats are not uncommon in young bitches.

Recommended First Breeding Age:

Females: 3 years minimum. This is non-negotiable. Salukis are slow maturing both physically and mentally. The hips, cardiac system, and overall structure continue developing well into the second and third year. Mental maturity—the calm, dignified temperament essential to the breed—also develops over time. Breeding before 3 years increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and whelping, reduces litter size, and may produce puppies from a dam not yet representative of breed type.

Males: 2-3 years. Males can be used at stud earlier than females, but waiting until 2-3 years ensures the dog's adult type is evident, temperament is stable, and all health clearances (particularly cardiac screening) are current.

OFA Minimum Testing Age:

The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) requires dogs to be 24 months (2 years) old for permanent hip and elbow certification. While preliminary evaluations can be done earlier, breeding stock should have final OFA clearances. For Salukis, this means breeding at 3 years allows time for the 24-month OFA clearances plus the additional year needed for full maturity.

Retirement Age:

Most Saluki breeders retire females between 7-9 years of age, depending on the individual dog's health and previous reproductive history. Cardiac health becomes an even greater concern as Salukis age, and annual echocardiograms help determine when retirement is appropriate.

Maximum Litters Per Female:

A responsible maximum is 4 litters per female over her breeding career. Given the recommendation to start breeding at 3 years and retire by 7-9 years, this typically means one litter every 18-24 months—a schedule that allows the dam to fully recover between pregnancies.

Complete Breeding Timeline:

• Birth to 2 years: Growth, training, socialization, preliminary health screening
• 24 months: OFA hip/elbow clearances, first cardiac echocardiogram, NCL8 and SSADHD DNA tests if not done earlier
• 30-36 months: Repeat cardiac echo (annual requirement), confirm breeding readiness, select stud
• 36 months (3 years): First breeding
• 40 months: Whelping and puppy rearing
• 54 months: Second breeding (if desired)
• Annual throughout breeding career: Cardiac echocardiogram
• 7-9 years: Retirement, spay if not done earlier

Required Health Testing

The Saluki's CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) requirements reflect the breed's most serious health concerns. All breeding stock must complete these tests before breeding. The annual cardiac screening requirement makes Saluki health testing more expensive and time-intensive than many other breeds.

CHIC Required Tests:

1. Advanced Cardiac Evaluation (Echocardiogram) - $525 per exam, ANNUAL requirement

This is the single most important health test for Saluki breeding. The echocardiogram evaluates heart structure and function, screening for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), congenital heart defects, and adult-onset cardiac disease. With a 49% DCM prevalence in Salukis—one of the highest rates in any breed—cardiac screening is non-negotiable. A board-certified veterinary cardiologist should perform the examination.

The annual requirement means ongoing costs throughout a dog's breeding career. A Saluki entering breeding at 3 years and retiring at 8 years will require 6 echocardiograms at a minimum cost of $3,150. This recurring expense must be factored into breeding economics.

2. NCL8 DNA Test (Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8) - $80, one-time

NCL8 is a breed-specific progressive neurologic disease caused by an autosomal recessive mutation. Affected puppies develop ataxia (uncoordinated movements), behavioral changes, vision loss, and seizures, typically between 10-18 months of age. The disease is fatal. DNA testing identifies carriers, allowing breeders to avoid carrier-to-carrier breedings that produce affected puppies. Test results: Clear, Carrier, or Affected. Clear and carrier dogs can be safely bred (carrier to clear produces no affected puppies). Testing is available through Optigen, Embark, and other canine genetics laboratories.

3. SSADHD DNA Test (Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency) - $80, one-time

SSADHD is a newly identified neurologic disorder in Salukis, also inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Affected dogs experience seizures, uncoordinated movements, and abnormal behaviors including vocalization episodes. Age of onset is variable but typically occurs in juvenile to young adult dogs. Like NCL8, DNA testing allows breeders to make informed decisions and avoid producing affected puppies. The test is available through veterinary genetics laboratories.

Total Required Testing Cost:

For a breeding dog entering service at 3 years and retiring at 8 years: $3,150 (cardiac echos) + $80 (NCL8) + $80 (SSADHD) = $3,310 minimum

For a one-time breeding or a dog bred only once or twice, the cost is approximately $850 for the initial screening plus $525 for each annual cardiac update.

Additional Recommended Tests:

Ophthalmologist Examination (CERF/OFA Eye) - $65 annually

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) and cataracts occur in Salukis. While not CHIC-required, annual eye examinations by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist are strongly recommended. PRA leads to blindness, and cataracts are common in older Salukis.

Thyroid Panel (OFA) - $100 every 2-3 years

Autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism are the second most prevalent condition in Saluki health surveys. OFA thyroid testing includes T4, free T4, TSH, and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA). Early detection of autoantibodies can identify dogs at risk before clinical signs appear.

Testing Schedule and Submission:

All test results should be submitted to the OFA for public database inclusion. CHIC certification requires submission of all three required tests (cardiac, NCL8, SSADHD) with the results made public. Dogs receive a CHIC number regardless of test outcomes—CHIC certifies that testing was done, not that results were perfect. However, responsible breeders only breed dogs with appropriate health clearances.

Hereditary Health Conditions

Salukis face several significant hereditary health conditions, with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) being the breed's most critical health concern. Understanding prevalence, inheritance modes, and available tests is essential for making informed breeding decisions.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) - 49% prevalence

DCM is the most common cardiac condition in Salukis and affects nearly half of the breed. The heart becomes enlarged, thin, and weak, with poor pumping ability. Clinical signs include exercise intolerance, coughing, difficulty breathing, weakness, collapse, and sudden death. Onset typically occurs in young to middle-aged adults (3-7 years), though it can appear earlier or later.

The inheritance mode is polygenic/complex, meaning multiple genes contribute to risk. No specific genetic markers have yet been identified for DCM in Salukis. Annual echocardiograms are the only reliable screening method. Dogs diagnosed with DCM should be removed from breeding programs, and their close relatives should be evaluated carefully. Similar cardiac concerns affect the Irish Wolfhound, another large sighthound breed, where DCM is also a leading health concern requiring vigilant cardiac screening.

The extremely high prevalence means many breeding dogs will eventually develop DCM even with normal early echocardiograms. Annual screening throughout a dog's breeding career is critical. Some breeders retire dogs from breeding at the first sign of cardiac changes even before clinical DCM develops.

Autoimmune Thyroiditis/Hypothyroidism - 25% prevalence (moderate)

The second most prevalent condition in Saluki health surveys. Hypothyroidism is typically caused by autoimmune thyroiditis, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Inheritance is polygenic/immune-mediated. Clinical signs include weight gain, lethargy, hair loss, skin problems, and reproductive issues (irregular heats, infertility, weak puppies). Early stages show thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA) before clinical hypothyroidism develops—typically appearing between 2-6 years. OFA thyroid testing detects early autoantibody production, allowing breeders to identify at-risk dogs. While affected dogs can live normal lives with thyroid supplementation, breeding from dogs with positive autoantibodies is questionable as it perpetuates the autoimmune tendency.

Hemangiosarcoma - 20% prevalence (moderate)

Hemangiosarcoma is a bleeding tumor most commonly found in the spleen but can occur in the liver, heart, or other organs. It is often asymptomatic until the tumor ruptures, causing internal bleeding, collapse, pale gums, and weakness. Diagnosis typically occurs in middle-aged to older dogs (6+ years). Inheritance is unknown but likely polygenic. No DNA test is available. The cancer is aggressive with poor prognosis even with treatment. Salukis are affected at higher than average incidence. Breeders should track hemangiosarcoma in pedigrees and consider it alongside other health factors when selecting breeding pairs.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8 (NCL8) - Moderate carrier prevalence

NCL8 is an autosomal recessive progressive neurologic disease. Affected puppies develop ataxia, behavioral changes, vision loss, seizures, and progressive neurologic decline, typically between 10-18 months of age. The disease is fatal with no treatment. DNA testing identifies carriers. Two copies of the mutation (one from each parent) are required to produce an affected puppy. Breeding carrier to clear produces carrier and clear puppies—no affected. Breeding carrier to carrier produces 25% affected, 50% carriers, 25% clear. Responsible breeders avoid carrier-to-carrier breedings.

Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SSADHD) - Rare

SSADHD is a newly identified autosomal recessive neurologic disorder in Salukis. Clinical signs include seizures, uncoordinated movements, and abnormal behaviors including vocalization episodes. Onset is variable, typically juvenile to young adult. DNA testing is available and should be used to avoid carrier-to-carrier breedings.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) - Low to moderate prevalence (10%)

PRA causes progressive vision loss starting with night blindness, followed by dilated pupils and eventually complete blindness. Onset is typically 3-5 years. Inheritance is autosomal recessive, but the breed-specific mutation has not yet been identified, so no DNA test is available. Annual CERF/OFA eye examinations by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist can detect early changes. Dogs with PRA should not be bred.

Cataracts - Common in older Salukis (15%)

Cataracts (cloudy or opaque lens causing progressive vision impairment) are common in middle-aged to senior Salukis (5+ years). Some forms are hereditary; others are age-related. DNA testing is not available. CERF/OFA eye examinations identify cataracts. Breeding decisions should consider the age of onset, severity, and family history.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) - Low to moderate prevalence (8%)

AIHA occurs when the immune system attacks red blood cells, causing lethargy, pale gums, weakness, jaundice, dark urine, and rapid heart rate. It can affect dogs at any age but is most common in young to middle-aged adults. Inheritance is immune-mediated/polygenic. No DNA test is available. AIHA requires emergency veterinary treatment and can be fatal. Track family history and consider it in breeding decisions.

Color and Coat Genetics

Salukis are one of the most permissive breeds when it comes to color, with the standard stating "any color or combination of colors" is acceptable. However, three colors—brindle, blue (dilute black), and merle—are disqualifying and should never be bred.

Accepted Colors:

The standard accepts white, cream, fawn, golden, red, grizzle (grey/tan mix), black and tan, tricolor (white, black, and tan), and essentially any color or combination. This permissiveness reflects the breed's ancient heritage and the wide variety of colors historically seen in desert-bred Salukis. Both solid colors and particolor (spotted) patterns are acceptable.

Coat Varieties:

Salukis come in two coat varieties: smooth and feathered. Feathered Salukis have long, silky feathering on the ears, tail, backs of legs, and sometimes on the throat. Smooth Salukis lack this feathering. Both varieties are equally correct and are shown together. The smooth gene is recessive—two smooth-coated Salukis will only produce smooth puppies, while feathered can be heterozygous (carrying one smooth gene) or homozygous (carrying two feathered genes). Coat variety is a breeder preference, not a health issue.

Disqualifying Colors:

Brindle, blue (dilute black), and merle are disqualifying colors in Salukis. While not listed as official disqualifications in the current standard text, they are considered extremely undesirable and grounds for not breeding in responsible programs. These colors suggest outcrossing or genetic anomalies foreign to the Saluki gene pool.

Relevant Genetic Loci:

E locus (Extension): Controls the distribution of eumelanin (black pigment). Four E alleles have been identified in Salukis and Afghan Hounds, contributing to the breed's color diversity. The dominant E allele allows full color expression. The recessive e allele restricts black pigment, producing red, cream, or golden dogs.

A locus (Agouti): Controls the distribution of black and tan. Produces sable, tan points (black and tan), and other patterns. Salukis show considerable variation at this locus.

K locus (Dominant Black): Salukis are typically kk (non-dominant black), which allows agouti locus expression. Dominant K would override agouti and produce solid black, which is uncommon but acceptable in Salukis.

S locus (White Spotting): Controls white markings and particolor patterns. Salukis show a wide range from minimal white to extensive white spotting (piebald).

D locus (Dilution): The recessive dd genotype dilutes black to blue (grey) and red to cream/fawn. While dilute colors can occur naturally, blue (dilute black) is disqualifying in Salukis. The dilute gene may be linked to Color Dilution Alopecia (though rare in the breed), where the coat becomes thin and patchy. Breeders should avoid breeding blue Salukis.

Color Testing and Breeding:

Most breeders do not routinely DNA test for color genes since the standard is so permissive. However, understanding color genetics helps predict puppy colors and avoid disqualifying colors. Breeders should be aware that breeding two cream or very light-colored dogs may produce puppies with little pigment, which can be associated with health issues like deafness (particularly if merle is present, which should never occur).

Complexity Tier: Low

Saluki color genetics are relatively straightforward given the breed's permissiveness. The main concern is avoiding the three disqualifying colors (brindle, blue, merle) and maintaining adequate pigment. Beyond that, breeders can work with the full color spectrum the standard allows.

Selecting Saluki Breeding Stock

Selecting Saluki breeding stock requires balancing conformation excellence, health clearances, temperament, and genetic diversity. Given the breed's 49% DCM prevalence, cardiac health must be the foremost consideration.

Conformation Priorities:

1. Grace, symmetry, and balance are the hallmarks of the Saluki and should be the first evaluation criteria. A proper Saluki should appear balanced from every angle—elegant but not fragile, athletic but not coarse.

2. Correct angulation front and rear enables the effortless, ground-covering movement essential to a functional sighthound. Watch breeding prospects move at a trot—the gait should appear smooth and efficient with minimal effort. Steep shoulders, lack of rear drive, or choppy movement indicate structural faults that compromise function.

3. Long, narrow head with proper stop and eye shape. The head shape is a breed hallmark. Round or bulging eyes (a serious fault) detract from the dignified expression and suggest poor type. The eyes should be large, oval, dark to hazel.

4. Deep chest with adequate spring of rib for heart and lung capacity. Given the extremely high DCM prevalence, breeders must prioritize chest structure that accommodates a healthy heart. Shallow or narrow chests compound cardiac risk.

5. Level topline with slight arch over loin. Weak, roached, or sagging toplines indicate structural weakness. The tail should reach to the hock joint and be carried low with a slight upward curve at the end—not curled over the back.

6. Elegant neck flowing into well-laid shoulders. Short, thick necks are a serious fault. The neck should be long, supple, and well-muscled without being coarse.

7. Sound, efficient movement covering ground with minimal effort. Movement efficiency reflects overall structural correctness.

Common Faults to Select Against:

• Heavy bone or coarse appearance (loss of breed elegance)
• Round or bulging eyes (destroys correct expression)
• Short, thick neck
• Steep shoulders limiting reach
• Weak or roached topline
• Incorrect tail carriage (curled over back)
• Lack of proper angulation affecting movement efficiency

Temperament Evaluation:

The Saluki temperament is reserved and dignified but not aggressive or fearful. A proper Saluki is aloof with strangers but affectionate with its family. Temperament must be evaluated carefully, as shyness, fearfulness, or aggression are serious faults.

Evaluate breeding stock through exposure to novel stimuli, children, other dogs, and various environments. The parent club recommends formal temperament testing. A proper Saluki should be calm and confident, showing independence balanced with handler focus. High prey drive toward small animals is normal and expected in a sighthound—the concern is prey drive directed toward livestock or human aggression.

The reserved temperament develops with maturity, which is another reason not to breed Salukis under 3 years old. A young Saluki may appear shy or uncertain; a mature Saluki should be dignified and self-assured.

Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI) Targets:

The average COI for Salukis is 9.7%, which indicates moderate inbreeding across the breed. Responsible breeders should target a COI under 5% for planned litters. High COI increases the risk of expressing recessive health conditions (like NCL8 and SSADHD) and may compromise immune function and overall vigor.

Use a multi-generation pedigree database to calculate COI. The Saluki Club of America maintains a pedigree database, and online tools like the Institute of Canine Biology's COI calculator can help breeders evaluate proposed pairings.

Health Clearances - Non-Negotiable:

No Saluki should be bred without current health clearances:

• Cardiac echocardiogram within the past 12 months (annual requirement)
• NCL8 DNA test: Clear or Carrier (never Affected, avoid Carrier-to-Carrier)
• SSADHD DNA test: Clear or Carrier (never Affected, avoid Carrier-to-Carrier)
• OFA hip clearances (Good, Fair, or Excellent; borderline or dysplastic should not be bred)

Recommended but not required:

• CERF/OFA eye exam (annual)
• OFA thyroid panel (every 2-3 years)

Stud Selection:

Stud fees for Salukis range from $500-$2,000, depending on the stud's show record, health clearances, and proven production. When selecting a stud:

• Require proof of current cardiac clearance (within 12 months)
• Verify NCL8 and SSADHD test results (especially important if your bitch is a carrier)
• Evaluate conformation, movement, and temperament in person if possible
• Review the stud's pedigree for health and longevity—look for relatives who lived long, healthy lives
• Calculate the COI for the proposed pairing (target under 5%)
• Consider complementary traits: if your bitch is slightly heavy in bone, select a stud with refinement; if she is slightly long in back, select a stud with excellent proportions

Show Quality vs Breeding Quality:

Not every sound, health-tested Saluki needs to be bred. Breeding quality means the dog meets or exceeds the breed standard, has excellent health clearances, sound temperament, and contributes to the breed's genetic health. Show quality adds competitive success demonstrating the dog's merit as evaluated by multiple judges.

Many excellent breeding dogs are not shown extensively (or at all), while some successful show dogs may not be ideal breeding stock due to health or temperament concerns. Evaluate each dog individually.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Salukis are generally natural whelpers with a moderate 15% C-section rate. However, whelping a Saluki litter requires preparation, vigilance, and understanding of breed-specific considerations.

Whelping Method:

The recommended method for most Salukis is natural whelping with close monitoring. The breed's long, narrow head shape does not typically cause dystocia. However, maiden bitches (first-time mothers) may experience complications, and slow maturation means younger bitches (under 3 years) have higher complication rates—yet another reason to wait until 3 years to breed.

Breed-Specific Whelping Considerations:

Anesthesia Sensitivity: Salukis, like all sighthounds, are sensitive to certain anesthetics due to their low body fat percentage and unique metabolism. If a C-section becomes necessary, ensure your veterinarian is experienced with sighthounds and uses appropriate anesthetic protocols. Discuss anesthesia plans before the breeding so you're prepared if complications arise.

First-Time Mothers: Maiden bitches may need more support during whelping. They can be nervous, unsure of what's happening, or confused by the puppies' arrival. A calm, experienced breeder or veterinary professional should be present to provide guidance without overwhelming the bitch.

Natural Whelpers: Most Salukis whelp naturally without intervention. The average whelping time from first puppy to last is 2-6 hours for a litter of 6, though it can be longer. Puppies should be born within 1-2 hours of active labor beginning. If a bitch strains for more than 2 hours without producing a puppy, or if more than 4 hours pass between puppies, veterinary intervention is needed.

Emergency Preparedness:

Have your veterinarian's emergency number readily available. Know the location of the nearest 24-hour emergency clinic. Have a whelping kit prepared including:

• Clean towels and blankets
• Bulb syringe for clearing airways
• Hemostats and sterile scissors for umbilical cords
• Digital scale for weighing puppies
• Heating pad or heat lamp (puppies cannot regulate temperature)
• Puppy ID collars if tracking individuals

Birth Weights and Monitoring:

Average birth weights: Males 0.9-1.3 pounds, females 0.8-1.1 pounds.

Puppies should be weighed immediately after birth and then daily for the first two weeks. Weight should increase steadily.

Daily weight gain target: 5-10% of birth weight daily for the first two weeks, approximately 0.1-0.15 pounds per day.

A puppy that loses weight, fails to gain weight, or gains inadequately is at risk of "fading puppy syndrome" and requires immediate intervention (supplemental feeding, veterinary examination).

Neonatal Care:

Temperature Regulation: Newborn puppies cannot regulate body temperature. The whelping area should be kept at 85-90°F for the first week, then gradually reduced to 75-80°F by week three. Use a heating pad (on low, with a towel barrier) or heat lamp positioned so puppies can move away if too warm.

Nursing and Supplementation: Puppies should nurse within the first few hours of life to receive colostrum (antibody-rich first milk). Monitor to ensure all puppies are nursing. Weak or small puppies may need help latching. If the litter is large (8+) or the dam has inadequate milk, supplemental feeding with canine milk replacer may be necessary.

Umbilical Cord Care: The dam typically severs the umbilical cord herself. If she doesn't, use hemostats to clamp the cord 1-2 inches from the puppy's body, then cut between the clamp and the placenta with sterile scissors. Dip the cord stump in iodine to prevent infection. The cord will dry and fall off within a few days.

Dewclaw/Tail/Ear Practices:

Salukis do not have dewclaws removed, tails docked, or ears cropped. All alterations are unnecessary and contrary to the breed standard. Puppies are left natural.

Fading Puppy Syndrome:

Fading puppy syndrome—where seemingly healthy puppies decline and die in the first two weeks—can occur in any breed. Causes include infection, congenital defects, low birth weight, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, or inadequate maternal care. Early intervention (warming, supplemental feeding, veterinary examination) can save some fading puppies, but others have underlying issues incompatible with life.

Breeders should monitor puppies constantly during the first two weeks: Are they nursing? Are they warm? Are they gaining weight? Are they active and vocalizing normally? Any puppy that seems weak, cold, or quiet needs immediate attention.

Puppy Development Milestones

Saluki puppies develop slowly compared to some breeds, and the slow maturation continues well into the second year of life. Understanding typical milestones helps breeders evaluate puppies, time vaccinations and socialization, and set appropriate go-home ages.

Growth Curve:

Male and female Salukis have distinct growth patterns. Males are larger and grow faster, reaching an average of 12.5 pounds by 8 weeks and 21 pounds by 12 weeks. Females average 11 pounds at 8 weeks and 18.5 pounds at 12 weeks.

Weekly Milestones (Birth to 8 Weeks):

Week 0 (Birth): Eyes and ears closed, limited mobility, reliant on dam for warmth and food. Birth weight: males ~1.1 lbs, females ~0.9 lbs.

Week 1: Eyes still closed, puppies mostly sleep and nurse. Weight doubles by end of week.

Week 2: Eyes begin to open (10-14 days). Hearing starts to develop. Puppies begin to crawl more actively.

Week 3: Eyes fully open, hearing functional. Puppies begin to walk (wobbly at first). Teeth start to emerge. Begin to interact with littermates.

Week 4: Increased mobility and coordination. Play behavior begins. This is the age to start introducing solid food (puppy mush). Begin early socialization: gentle handling, exposure to household sounds, introduction to new people.

Week 5: Puppies are mobile, playful, and increasingly social. Weaning begins in earnest. Introduce to more varied environments and stimuli. Begin basic house training (puppies instinctively leave the nest area to eliminate).

Week 6: First vaccinations (6-8 weeks depending on veterinary protocol). Puppies are eating solid food, though they may still nurse occasionally. Socialization is critical—expose to children, other dogs (vaccinated adults), various surfaces, sounds, and gentle handling.

Week 7: Puppies are fully weaned. They are active, playful, and learning bite inhibition through play with littermates. Continue intensive socialization.

Week 8: Common go-home age for pet puppies. Puppies should be eating solid food independently, using the elimination area consistently, and well-socialized to people and common household stimuli. Second vaccination.

Weaning Age:

Saluki puppies typically wean between 6-7 weeks. Some dams naturally wean earlier if the litter is large; others may allow nursing longer. Breeders should start offering solid food (moistened puppy kibble or raw food appropriate for puppies) at 3-4 weeks and gradually reduce dam access to the puppies to encourage weaning.

Go-Home Age:

The recommended go-home age for Saluki pet puppies is 8-10 weeks. Some breeders prefer to keep puppies until 10 weeks to allow for additional socialization, temperament evaluation, and a third vaccination. Show-potential puppies are often kept longer (12+ weeks) for further evaluation, as Saluki type can be difficult to assess at 8 weeks.

Socialization Window:

The critical socialization period is 3-14 weeks, with the most sensitive period being 6-10 weeks. During this time, puppies learn to accept new experiences without fear. Positive exposure to people, other dogs, varied environments, sounds, surfaces, and gentle handling during this window produces confident, well-adjusted adults. Salukis are naturally reserved, so intensive early socialization is critical to prevent excessive shyness or fearfulness.

Fear Periods:

Puppies go through fear periods where they react to previously accepted stimuli with caution or fear. The first fear period typically occurs around 8-10 weeks (right around go-home age). Avoid traumatic experiences during fear periods—don't force interactions, keep things positive and low-key, and provide reassurance without reinforcing fearful behavior.

Structural Evaluation Timing:

Salukis are slow to mature, making structural evaluation challenging. Puppies go through multiple growth phases where proportions change dramatically.

8-10 weeks: Initial evaluation for obvious structural faults, overall type, and temperament. This is when pet vs show potential is tentatively assigned, but much will change.

6 months: Re-evaluate structure. The puppy is approaching adolescence. Some structural issues will be more apparent; others may improve as the puppy matures.

12-18 months: Final evaluation. By 18 months, the dog is approaching adult type, though refinement and filling out continue until 24 months. Make final show/breeding vs pet decisions.

Adult Size Achievement:

Salukis reach full height by 12 months but continue to fill out, develop muscle, and refine until 18-24 months. Mental maturity—the calm, dignified temperament characteristic of the breed—develops over this same period. This slow maturation is why breeding before 3 years is inappropriate.

Breeding Economics

Breeding Salukis responsibly is a significant financial commitment. The high cost of annual cardiac screening, combined with standard breeding expenses, means most breeders operate at a modest profit at best—and many break even or lose money, particularly on small litters or those requiring C-sections.

Health Testing Cost Per Dog:

For a breeding dog entering service at 3 years and retiring at 8 years, the minimum health testing cost is $3,310:

• 6 annual cardiac echocardiograms @ $525 each = $3,150
• NCL8 DNA test (one-time) = $80
• SSADHD DNA test (one-time) = $80

If the dog has additional litters beyond 5 years, add $525 per year for continued annual cardiac screening.

Optional but recommended:

• Annual CERF/OFA eye exam @ $65 = $390 over 6 years
• Thyroid panel every 2 years @ $100 = $300 over 6 years

Total health testing over a breeding career: $3,310 to $4,000+

Per-Litter Costs:

Pre-Breeding:

• Health testing (if this is the first breeding): $850
• Progesterone testing (4-6 tests to time breeding): $600
• Stud fee: $1,000 (average; range $500-$2,000)

Prenatal Care:

• Veterinary exams and ultrasound: $300

Whelping:

• Natural whelping (veterinary standby, supplies): $200
• OR Planned/emergency C-section: $2,500

Puppy Care (birth to 8-10 weeks):

• Veterinary exams and first vaccinations (6 puppies): $900
• Food and supplies (dam and puppies): $400
• Registration (AKC litter registration + individual puppy registrations): $150

Total Cost Per Litter:

• Natural whelping: ~$4,400
• C-section: ~$6,700

Revenue:

Average puppy price:

• Pet quality: $2,000
• Show quality: $5,000

Average litter: 6 puppies. Assuming 4-5 sold as pets and 1-2 as show prospects (or kept for show/breeding):

• 4 pet puppies @ $2,000 = $8,000
• 2 show puppies @ $5,000 = $10,000
• Total revenue: ~$12,000 (if all puppies are sold)

Net Per Litter:

Natural whelping: $12,000 revenue - $4,400 costs = $7,600 net

C-section: $12,000 revenue - $6,700 costs = $5,300 net

Important Caveats:

1. Annual cardiac screening is an ongoing cost. The above per-litter calculation does not include the cost of annual echocardiograms for years the dog is not bred. A breeding dog requires $525 per year in cardiac screening whether or not a litter is produced.

2. Smaller litters reduce revenue. A litter of 4 puppies generates ~$8,000-$10,000 revenue, which may result in breaking even or a loss.

3. Unsold puppies or puppies kept for evaluation reduce revenue. If you keep two puppies from a litter of 6, revenue drops to ~$8,000, which may not cover costs.

4. Marketing, travel to stud, frozen semen shipping, surgical AI, genetic diversity testing, show expenses, and other costs are not included in the above calculation.

5. Time investment has no dollar value in this calculation. Breeding, whelping, and raising a litter requires hundreds of hours of work.

Is Breeding Salukis Profitable?

Breeding Salukis can be modestly profitable with natural whelpings, moderate litter sizes (6+), and good puppy placement. However, given the annual cardiac screening cost, ongoing time investment, and risk of complications, most responsible Saluki breeders breed to improve the breed, produce dogs for their own showing/competition programs, and place puppies with loving homes—not to generate income.

Breeding Salukis for profit alone is not sustainable or ethical. The costs are too high, the financial risk too great, and the time investment too significant.

Breeder Resources

The Saluki community offers extensive resources for breeders, from national and regional clubs to health research organizations and educational materials.

Parent Club:

Saluki Club of America (SCOA) Website: https://salukiclub.org/ The SCOA is the AKC-recognized parent club for Salukis. The club provides breeder directories, educational resources, health survey data, pedigree databases, and information on upcoming shows and events. The SCOA also maintains the breed standard, publishes breed bulletins, and advocates for Saluki health research. Membership is open to anyone interested in the breed.

Regional Clubs:

Regional Saluki clubs host shows, lure coursing events, and social gatherings. The SCOA website lists affiliated clubs. Getting involved with a regional club provides mentorship opportunities, access to experienced breeders, and a supportive community.

AKC Breeder Programs:

Breeder of Merit: The AKC Breeder of Merit program recognizes breeders who demonstrate a commitment to health testing, temperament, and breed standard excellence. Requirements include health testing all breeding stock, breeding only AKC-registered dogs, and maintaining records. Saluki breeders who complete CHIC requirements and meet AKC Breeder of Merit criteria receive special recognition.

Bred with H.E.A.R.T.: The AKC's Bred with H.E.A.R.T. (Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, Tradition) program sets higher standards for breeders, including mandatory health testing, continuing education, and transparency. Saluki breeders who achieve Bred with H.E.A.R.T. status demonstrate the highest level of commitment to the breed.

Mentor Programs:

The SCOA connects new breeders with experienced mentors. If you're new to breeding Salukis, seek out a mentor—someone who has bred multiple generations, has extensive health testing experience (particularly cardiac screening), and can guide you through the complexities of breeding this ancient breed. Attend national and regional specialties, introduce yourself to breeders, ask questions, and build relationships.

Recommended Books:

• "The Complete Saluki" by Ken Bellow and Diana Rice - Comprehensive breed guide covering history, breed standard, breeding, and health
• "The Saluki in History, Art and Sport" by Hope Waters - In-depth exploration of the breed's ancient origins and cultural significance
• "Saluki: The Desert Hound and the English Travelers Who Brought It to the West" by Robert Sharp - Historical account of the breed's introduction to the West

Online Communities:

• Saluki Club of America (https://salukiclub.org/) - Official parent club website with forums, resources, and breeder directory
• American Saluki Association (https://americansalukiassociation.com/) - Additional breed club with resources and events
• Saluki Health Research (http://www.salukihealthresearch.com/) - Dedicated to health research, data collection, and education. Breeders can contribute to health surveys and access research findings, particularly on DCM and other hereditary conditions.

Health Resources:

OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals): Submit all health test results to the OFA for public database inclusion. The OFA maintains records for hip/elbow clearances, cardiac evaluations, eye exams, thyroid panels, and DNA tests.

CHIC (Canine Health Information Center): CHIC certification demonstrates a breeder's commitment to health testing. All Saluki breeding stock should have CHIC numbers.

Veterinary Cardiologists: Board-certified veterinary cardiologists perform the echocardiograms required for CHIC certification. The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) provides a directory of specialists.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Salukis typically have?

Salukis average 6 puppies per litter, with a typical range of 4-8. Litter size distribution shows 30% of litters produce 6 puppies, 25% produce 5, 20% produce 7, 15% produce 4, and 10% produce 8 or more. Smaller litters are more common in maiden bitches, older bitches, or those bred too young. Larger litters (over 8) are rare. Proper timing through progesterone testing and breeding at optimal maturity (3+ years) helps maximize litter size.

Do Salukis need C-sections?

Salukis have a C-section rate of approximately 15%, which is moderate. Most Salukis whelp naturally without complications. The breed's long, narrow head shape does not typically cause dystocia. However, maiden bitches (first-time mothers) and younger bitches (under 3 years) are at higher risk for complications. Breeders should monitor whelping closely and have emergency veterinary support available. Sighthound anesthesia sensitivity means C-sections require veterinarians experienced with Saluki anesthetic protocols.

What health tests are required for breeding Salukis?

Salukis have three CHIC-required health tests: (1) Advanced Cardiac Evaluation (echocardiogram) performed by a board-certified veterinary cardiologist—required ANNUALLY at ~$525 per exam, (2) NCL8 DNA test to screen for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 8 at $80 one-time, and (3) SSADHD DNA test to screen for succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency at $80 one-time. Total initial cost is ~$850, but the annual cardiac requirement means ongoing costs of $525 per year throughout a dog's breeding career. Additional recommended tests include CERF/OFA eye exams and OFA thyroid panels.

How much does it cost to breed Salukis?

The cost per litter includes health testing ($850 if first breeding), progesterone testing ($600), stud fee ($1,000 average), prenatal care ($300), whelping ($200 natural or $2,500 C-section), puppy veterinary care ($900 for 6 puppies), food and supplies ($400), and registration ($150). Total: $4,400 for natural whelping or $6,700 for C-section. Additionally, breeding dogs require annual cardiac echocardiograms at $525 per year throughout their breeding career. Average litter revenue is ~$12,000 (6 puppies, mix of pet and show prices), resulting in a net of $5,300-$7,600 per litter, but annual cardiac costs reduce long-term profitability.

At what age can you breed a Saluki?

Female Salukis should not be bred before 3 years of age due to slow physical and mental maturation. First heat typically occurs at 8-14 months, but this does NOT indicate breeding readiness. Salukis continue developing structurally and mentally through their second and third year. Breeding too young increases whelping complications, reduces litter size, and compromises the dam's long-term health. Males can be used at stud at 2-3 years once their adult type and temperament are evident and all health clearances are complete.

How much do Saluki puppies cost?

Saluki puppy prices range from $2,000 for pet quality to $5,000+ for show/breeding quality from health-tested, reputable breeders. Price reflects the breeder's investment in health testing (including annual cardiac screening), showing, genetic health, puppy socialization, and proper care. Puppies from untested parents or "bargain" puppies may have undisclosed health issues (particularly cardiac problems given the 49% DCM prevalence) and cost far more in veterinary bills than the savings on purchase price. Always purchase from breeders who complete CHIC requirements.

What are the most common health problems in Salukis?

The most common health problem in Salukis is dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with a 49% prevalence—one of the highest rates in any breed. DCM causes the heart to become enlarged and weak, leading to heart failure. Annual echocardiograms are critical for early detection. Other common conditions include autoimmune hypothyroidism (25% prevalence), hemangiosarcoma (20%), cataracts (15%), progressive retinal atrophy (10%), and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (8%). Two breed-specific genetic conditions—NCL8 and SSADHD—are screened via DNA tests to prevent affected puppies. All breeding stock must have current cardiac clearances and DNA test results.

Is breeding Salukis profitable?

Breeding Salukis can be modestly profitable with natural whelpings, litters of 6+ puppies, and successful placement, but profit margins are narrow. Average revenue is ~$12,000 per litter, with costs of $4,400 (natural) or $6,700 (C-section), yielding $5,300-$7,600 per litter. However, annual cardiac screening at $525/year is an ongoing cost whether or not a litter is produced. Over a 5-year breeding career, health testing costs exceed $3,000. Small litters, C-sections, unsold puppies, or health complications can result in breaking even or losing money. Most responsible Saluki breeders breed to preserve and improve the breed, not for profit.

Why is cardiac screening so important for Saluki breeders?

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) affects 49% of Salukis—nearly one in two dogs will develop this deadly heart condition. DCM is the leading cause of death in the breed. Annual echocardiograms performed by board-certified veterinary cardiologists detect early cardiac changes before clinical signs appear. Breeding dogs with undetected DCM perpetuates the disease, producing puppies at high risk. Responsible breeders screen annually throughout a dog's breeding career and retire dogs immediately if cardiac abnormalities develop. The high DCM prevalence makes cardiac screening the single most important health test for Saluki breeders—more critical even than hip/elbow clearances.

What are NCL8 and SSADHD?

NCL8 (Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8) and SSADHD (Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency) are two breed-specific genetic neurologic diseases in Salukis, both inherited as autosomal recessive traits. NCL8 causes progressive ataxia, behavioral changes, vision loss, seizures, and death, typically between 10-18 months. SSADHD causes seizures, uncoordinated movements, and abnormal vocalizations. Both are fatal. DNA tests identify carriers. Two copies of the mutation (one from each parent) are required to produce an affected puppy. Breeding carrier to clear produces no affected puppies. Breeding carrier to carrier produces 25% affected puppies. Responsible breeders test all breeding stock and avoid carrier-to-carrier pairings.

Are Salukis sensitive to anesthesia?

Yes. Salukis, like all sighthounds, are sensitive to certain anesthetics due to their low body fat percentage, high lean muscle mass, and unique drug metabolism. Barbiturate anesthetics and some other drugs can cause prolonged recovery or complications. If a C-section, surgery, or dental procedure requiring anesthesia is needed, ensure your veterinarian is experienced with sighthounds and uses appropriate anesthetic protocols (typically propofol or similar agents). Discuss anesthesia plans in advance and have recovery protocols in place. This sensitivity also applies to some sedatives and pain medications—always inform your veterinarian that you have a sighthound.

What is the difference between smooth and feathered Salukis?

Salukis come in two coat varieties: smooth and feathered. Feathered Salukis have long, silky feathering on the ears, tail, backs of legs, and sometimes the throat and thighs. Smooth Salukis lack this feathering and have short coats all over. Both varieties are equally correct per the breed standard and are shown together. The smooth coat is controlled by a recessive gene—two smooth-coated Salukis will only produce smooth puppies. Feathered Salukis can carry the smooth gene (heterozygous) or be pure for feathering (homozygous). Coat variety does not affect health or temperament—it's a personal preference for breeders and owners.