Breeding Pharaoh Hound

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Pharaoh Hounds requires a deep commitment to preserving one of the world's most ancient and rare sighthound breeds. As Malta's national dog with a current AKC popularity rank of 176, this elegant rabbit-hunting breed demands careful genetic management due to its limited gene pool, along with heightened awareness of sighthound-specific health considerations like anesthesia sensitivity. This comprehensive guide covers every aspect of responsible Pharaoh Hound breeding, from health testing protocols and coefficient of inbreeding targets to whelping protocols and the breed's remarkably simple color genetics.

Breed Overview

Despite its name suggesting ancient Egyptian origins, the Pharaoh Hound is actually the national dog of Malta, where it is known as 'Kelb tal-Fenek' (dog of the rabbit). Similar to the closely related Ibizan Hound, which shares Mediterranean sighthound heritage, the Pharaoh Hound's ancestors were likely brought to Malta by Phoenician traders over 2,000 years ago. The breed was preserved in relative isolation on the Maltese islands, where farmers and hunters maintained its exceptional rabbit-coursing abilities over countless generations.

The first Pharaoh Hounds were imported to the United Kingdom in the 1960s and to the United States in 1967. The American Kennel Club recognized the breed in the Miscellaneous Class in 1973 and admitted it to the Hound Group on January 1, 1984. Today, the breed maintains a small but dedicated following among those who appreciate its unique combination of grace, intelligence, and hunting prowess.

With a current AKC popularity rank of 176, the Pharaoh Hound remains one of the rarer breeds in the United States. Registration trends have remained stable, reflecting the breed's niche appeal and the dedication of preservation breeders. The parent club, the Pharaoh Hound Club of America, provides invaluable resources and mentorship for those committed to maintaining breed type and health in this limited gene pool.

The breed's rarity creates unique breeding challenges. Every breeding decision carries significant weight when working with a small population, making careful health testing, pedigree research, and coefficient of inbreeding calculations essential for long-term breed sustainability.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

The Pharaoh Hound is a medium-sized hound of noble bearing with clean-cut lines, a graceful yet powerful build, and an alert, intelligent expression. When selecting breeding stock, breeders must prioritize the breed's functional elegance—this is a coursing hound that must possess both the grace to move effortlessly and the power to pursue game over rough terrain.

Size specifications:

Males: 23-25 inches at the withers, 45-55 pounds

Females: 21-24 inches at the withers, 45-55 pounds

Unlike many breeds with significant sexual dimorphism in weight, Pharaoh Hounds of both sexes fall within the same weight range, though males typically fall toward the upper end. Both sexes should appear athletic and balanced, never coarse or overly refined.

Structural priorities for breeding stock:

The head is the breed's hallmark—a long, lean wedge-shaped skull with a barely perceptible stop. Large, erect ears with fine leather are essential; small or poorly carried ears detract significantly from breed type. The expression should be alert and intelligent, with amber eyes that harmonize with the coat color. The skull and muzzle should form clean, parallel planes.

Overall balance and proportions take precedence over individual features. The Pharaoh Hound should be slightly longer than tall, with a deep brisket reaching to the elbow and a slightly arched loin. Good angulation in both front and rear assemblies enables the breed's characteristic free, easy movement with good reach and drive. The topline should be nearly level with a slight slope from croup to tail set.

The tail is a critical breed characteristic—medium set, thick at the base and tapering, carried curved when in action but never over the back. Tail carriage and set significantly impact the breed's overall silhouette.

Serious faults that affect breeding decisions:

• Any color other than tan/red with allowed white markings
• Flesh-colored or parti-colored nose
• Overshot or undershot bite
• Long or fluffy coat texture
• Lack of substance or bone
• Heavy or coarse build

While the standard lists no disqualifications, these serious faults should be carefully considered in breeding programs. A dog carrying multiple serious faults or a single severe expression of one should generally not be used for breeding, even if otherwise typey.

Coat and color:

The coat should be short, glossy, and fine to slightly harsh in texture—never soft or silky. Color ranges from tan to rich chestnut, with white markings following a specific pattern: a white tip on the tail is strongly desired, white on the chest and toes is acceptable, and a slim white blaze on the centerline of the face is permissible. Excessive white or white in any other location is undesirable.

Temperament as a breeding priority:

The Pharaoh Hound should be intelligent, friendly, and affectionate with family while maintaining an alert demeanor. Shy or aggressive temperaments are incorrect and should be selected against. High prey drive is normal and desirable—this is a hunting breed—but sociability with people is essential.

Pharaoh Hound Reproductive Profile

Pharaoh Hounds demonstrate excellent reproductive characteristics for a medium-sized sighthound, with average litters of 7 puppies and a typical range of 4-10 puppies per litter. This litter size is notably consistent and falls in the ideal range for optimal maternal care and puppy socialization.

The C-section rate for Pharaoh Hounds is approximately 8%, which is significantly lower than many other purebred dogs and particularly impressive for a sighthound breed. Natural whelping is the norm and should be expected in most cases. The low C-section rate reflects the breed's athletic build and relatively moderate size—Pharaoh Hounds have retained the natural whelping ability that some more extreme breeds have lost.

Fertility considerations specific to the breed:

The primary fertility challenge in breeding Pharaoh Hounds is not physiological but genetic: the limited gene pool requires careful planning to avoid overbreeding to popular sires and to maintain genetic diversity. Some breeders report seasonal breeding patterns in certain lines, with females cycling more reliably in fall and winter months. While this is not universal, it's worth tracking in your own lines.

The relatively small breed population means that finding compatible mates that maintain acceptable coefficients of inbreeding can be more challenging than in more common breeds. Breeders may need to ship semen or travel significant distances to access appropriate studs, making advance planning essential.

AI suitability:

Natural breeding is preferred in Pharaoh Hounds and presents no particular challenges in most cases. However, fresh or chilled artificial insemination is suitable when natural breeding is not feasible due to distance or scheduling constraints. Frozen semen can be used with surgical AI, though success rates vary as with all breeds. Given the breed's rarity, importing frozen semen from international lines to broaden the gene pool is a strategy some preservation breeders employ.

The breed's athletic build and willing temperament generally make natural mating straightforward when both parties are receptive and the timing is accurate. Progesterone testing to pinpoint optimal breeding days is strongly recommended to maximize the chance of conception, particularly given the effort often required to bring together suitable mates.

Breeding Age and Timeline

Female Pharaoh Hounds typically experience their first heat cycle between 6-10 months of age, though some individuals may fall slightly outside this range. First heat timing can vary by bloodline, so speaking with the breeder of your bitch about typical maturation in her line provides valuable context.

Recommended first breeding age:

Females should not be bred before 2 years of age. This timeline allows for complete physical maturity and, critically, completion of all required health clearances. The OFA minimum age for hip and thyroid evaluation is 24 months, making breeding before age 2 impossible if you're pursuing CHIC certification (which all responsible breeders should).

Males can technically be used for breeding at 2 years of age after health clearances, though many breeders prefer to wait until 3 years to better evaluate temperament, health, and overall quality. Starting a young male's breeding career with a single litter allows you to evaluate his offspring before deciding whether to use him more extensively.

Complete breeding timeline:

Months 0-24: Health testing window

• Month 24: Hip dysplasia evaluation (OFA or PennHIP)
• Month 24: Thyroid panel (OFA)
• Annual eye exams starting at any age (required for CHIC)
• Patellar luxation evaluation at 24 months

Months 24-96: Prime breeding years

Most Pharaoh Hound bitches are bred between ages 2-8, with the majority of litters occurring between ages 3-6. Peak fertility and litter size typically occur between ages 3-5.

Retirement considerations:

Responsible breeders typically retire females by age 6-8, with most limiting a bitch to 4 litters maximum regardless of age. This conservative approach helps maintain the health and quality of life for breeding females while allowing time for evaluation of offspring before committing to additional breedings.

Males can remain fertile much longer, but breeders should continually evaluate whether an aging stud remains the best genetic contribution to the breed or whether younger males represent improvement.

Timing within the heat cycle:

Progesterone testing is essential for timing breedings accurately. Pharaoh Hounds generally ovulate 12-14 days after the first signs of heat, but individual variation is significant. Plan for 2-3 progesterone tests in the week leading up to expected ovulation, with breeding occurring when progesterone levels reach 5-10 ng/mL. Budget approximately $550 for complete progesterone testing and timing for a breeding.

Required Health Testing

The Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) requires four health clearances for Pharaoh Hounds. All breeding stock should complete these tests, and the results should be made publicly available through the OFA database even if the results are not perfect. Transparency in health testing is essential for breed-wide health improvements.

CHIC-required tests:

Hip Dysplasia (OFA or PennHIP) - $350

Screens for hip joint laxity and degenerative joint disease. While hip dysplasia is relatively uncommon in Pharaoh Hounds (prevalence 5-10%), it's a polygenic condition that breeding can influence. OFA evaluation requires dogs to be at least 24 months old. A rating of Fair, Good, or Excellent is ideal, though breeding dogs with Borderline ratings in consultation with veterinary orthopedic specialists may be considered if all other qualities are exceptional.

Patellar Luxation (OFA) - $75

Screens for kneecap displacement and instability. This can be evaluated as early as 12 months but is typically done at 24 months alongside hip radiographs. Prevalence in Pharaoh Hounds is low (under 5%), but it's an important structural soundness issue. Only dogs with normal patellar exams should be bred.

Autoimmune Thyroiditis (OFA Thyroid Panel) - $100

Screens for thyroid hormone deficiency and autoimmune thyroid disease. Dogs must be at least 24 months old for this test. The full panel includes T3, T4, Free T3, Free T4, and thyroid autoantibodies (TgAA). Hypothyroidism has a prevalence of 5-8% in the breed, making this test particularly important. Dogs with equivocal results should be retested; those with confirmed autoimmune thyroiditis should not be bred.

Eye Examination (CAER/OFA) - $65 annually

Screens for progressive retinal atrophy, cataracts, and other hereditary eye diseases. This is the only annual test in the CHIC panel—all others are one-time evaluations. Annual eye exams are essential because some conditions can develop at any age. Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) has a low prevalence in Pharaoh Hounds (under 5%), but it's an autosomal recessive condition where DNA testing may be available.

Total estimated cost for CHIC certification: $590 for the initial battery of tests, plus $65 annually for eye re-exams.

Additional recommended tests:

Cardiac Evaluation - $150

While not required for CHIC, a cardiac auscultation by a board-certified veterinary cardiologist or an echocardiogram can identify congenital heart defects before breeding. This is a reasonable addition to a comprehensive pre-breeding health evaluation.

PRA DNA Test - $80 (if available for breed-specific variant)

If a DNA test for the specific PRA variant found in Pharaoh Hounds becomes commercially available, it's a valuable addition to the health testing panel. DNA testing allows identification of carriers and clear dogs, enabling breeders to avoid producing affected puppies.

Health testing must be completed before the first breeding and results should be publicly registered with OFA. Stud dog owners should require proof of health clearances from any bitch before agreeing to a breeding, and bitch owners should demand the same from stud dogs. Transparency in health testing benefits the entire breed.

Pharaoh Hound Hereditary Health Conditions

The Pharaoh Hound is a relatively healthy breed with lower incidences of hereditary disease compared to many purebred dogs. However, several conditions warrant attention in breeding programs, and the breed's limited gene pool means that vigilance is essential to prevent the spread of genetic problems.

Hip Dysplasia

Prevalence: Low to moderate (5-10%)

Inheritance: Polygenic with environmental factors

Hip dysplasia involves abnormal development of the hip joint, leading to joint laxity, pain, and eventually degenerative joint disease. Clinical signs include lameness, difficulty rising, a bunny-hopping gait, exercise intolerance, and muscle atrophy in the hindquarters. Signs typically appear between 6 months and 2 years of age, though radiographic changes may be visible earlier.

While no DNA test exists for hip dysplasia due to its polygenic nature, radiographic screening through OFA or PennHIP allows breeders to select against the condition. Breeding only dogs with Good or Excellent hip ratings significantly reduces the risk of producing affected offspring, though it cannot eliminate it entirely due to the environmental component and complex inheritance pattern.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)

Prevalence: Low (under 5%)

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive in most cases

PRA is a group of inherited retinal degenerative diseases that lead to progressive vision loss and eventual blindness. Clinical signs include night blindness that progresses to complete blindness, dilated pupils, and increased eye shine (tapetal reflection). Age of onset varies depending on the specific PRA type, typically appearing between 3-5 years but potentially earlier or later.

DNA testing for specific PRA variants allows breeders to identify clear, carrier, and affected dogs. Clear dogs (two normal copies) can be bred to any dog. Carrier dogs (one normal, one mutant copy) should only be bred to clear dogs, producing no affected puppies. Affected dogs should never be bred. Annual eye exams remain important even with DNA testing, as other eye conditions can develop.

Hypothyroidism (Autoimmune Thyroiditis)

Prevalence: Low to moderate (5-8%)

Inheritance: Autoimmune disorder with genetic predisposition

Hypothyroidism results from insufficient thyroid hormone production, often due to autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland. Clinical signs include weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance, dry or thinning coat, hair loss, recurrent skin infections, and behavioral changes. Age of onset is typically between 2-6 years.

Thyroid antibody testing identifies dogs in the early stages of autoimmune thyroiditis before they become clinically hypothyroid. Dogs with elevated thyroid antibodies (TgAA) should not be bred, as they carry the genetic predisposition even if not yet clinically affected. Hypothyroid dogs can be managed with daily thyroid hormone supplementation, but breeding should be avoided to reduce the prevalence in future generations.

Patellar Luxation

Prevalence: Low (under 5%)

Inheritance: Polygenic with environmental factors

Patellar luxation involves the kneecap slipping out of its normal groove in the femur. Clinical signs include intermittent lameness, a characteristic skipping gait, difficulty extending the stifle (knee), and pain. The condition can be present at birth or develop in the first two years of life.

Severity is graded from I (mild, intermittent) to IV (severe, permanent luxation). Only dogs with normal patellar exams (no luxation) should be bred. While mild cases may seem inconsequential, breeding affected dogs increases the likelihood of producing puppies with more severe forms.

Hemangiosarcoma and Other Cancers

Prevalence: Moderate (increased risk compared to general dog population)

Inheritance: Complex genetic predisposition

Pharaoh Hounds appear to have a moderately increased risk of certain cancers, particularly hemangiosarcoma (a malignant tumor of blood vessel cells). Clinical signs vary by cancer type but may include lethargy, weakness, collapse, visible or palpable masses, and weight loss. Most cancers develop in middle-aged to senior dogs (6+ years).

No pre-breeding screening test exists for cancer predisposition. Breeders should carefully track cancer incidence in their lines and consider removing close relatives of dogs who develop cancer at young ages from breeding programs. This is particularly important in a small gene pool where a cancer-prone line can quickly become overrepresented.

Anesthesia Sensitivity

Prevalence: Moderate concern in sighthounds (approximately 15% experience complications)

Inheritance: Breed-related; low body fat percentage affects drug metabolism

Sighthounds, including Pharaoh Hounds, metabolize certain anesthetic drugs differently than other breeds due to their extremely low body fat percentage and unique liver enzyme profiles. Similar to Greyhounds and other sighthounds, Pharaoh Hounds may experience prolonged recovery times from anesthesia or adverse reactions to certain drugs.

Clinical signs include unusually long recovery times, respiratory depression, cardiac arrhythmias, or excessive sedation following anesthesia. This occurs at any age when anesthesia is administered—for spay/neuter, C-sections, dental procedures, or any surgical intervention.

Critical for breeders: Work only with veterinarians experienced with sighthound anesthesia protocols. Propofol for induction and isoflurane or sevoflurane for maintenance are generally safer than barbiturate-based protocols. If a C-section becomes necessary, having a sighthound-savvy veterinarian can be life-saving. Inform all puppy buyers about anesthesia sensitivity and provide written guidelines for their veterinarians.

Breeders should maintain detailed records of any anesthetic complications in their dogs and share this information with buyers and other breeders. While you cannot eliminate anesthesia sensitivity (it's intrinsic to the breed type), you can minimize risks through education and proper protocols.

Color and Coat Genetics

The Pharaoh Hound is among the simplest breeds for color genetics, with all acceptable colors falling within the tan-to-chestnut range. This genetic simplicity is a relief for breeders compared to breeds with complex color inheritance and health-linked color issues.

Accepted colors:

All Pharaoh Hounds display variations of red-based pigment (pheomelanin), ranging from pale tan to rich chestnut. The standard describes the acceptable range as "tan, ranging from tan to rich chestnut" with "rich tan" being most common. The intensity of the tan color varies from light golden tan to deep reddish chestnut.

Genetic loci involved:

E locus (Extension): All Pharaoh Hounds are e/e (recessive red/tan), which allows only pheomelanin (red/tan pigment) to be expressed in the coat. This genotype prevents the expression of eumelanin (black pigment) in the coat, though eumelanin is still present on nose leather and paw pads.

A locus (Agouti): Likely ay/ay (sable/fawn) in most Pharaoh Hounds, though the expression is obscured by the e/e genotype at the E locus. Since the E locus prevents eumelanin expression, the A locus genotype is largely irrelevant to coat appearance.

I locus (Intensity): This locus controls the intensity of pheomelanin, determining whether a dog displays pale tan or deep chestnut. Multiple genes at this locus work together to determine the specific shade. The genetics of intensity are not yet fully understood, making it difficult to predict the exact shade of offspring.

Breeding for color:

Since all Pharaoh Hounds are genetically tan/red (e/e), any Pharaoh Hound to Pharaoh Hound breeding will produce tan/red puppies. The only variation is in intensity—will the puppies be pale tan or rich chestnut? Unfortunately, intensity is polygenic and somewhat unpredictable. Breeding two rich chestnut dogs increases the likelihood of rich chestnut puppies, but pale tan offspring can still appear.

The unpredictability of exact shade is not a concern for breeders, as all shades within the tan-to-chestnut range are equally acceptable. Select for structure, temperament, and health—color will take care of itself.

White markings:

White markings follow the S locus (spotting) genetics. The breed standard strongly desires a white tip on the tail, accepts white on the chest and toes, and permits a slim white blaze on the centerline of the face. Excessive white or white in other locations is undesirable.

White markings inheritance is somewhat variable. Two lightly marked parents may produce heavily marked offspring and vice versa, though breeding dogs with the desired white pattern (tail tip, chest, toes, possibly a small blaze) generally increases the likelihood of correctly marked puppies.

Disqualifying colors:

There are no disqualifying colors in the Pharaoh Hound standard, though "any color other than tan/red with allowed white markings" is listed as a serious fault. In practice, any properly bred purebred Pharaoh Hound will be tan/red, so color disqualifications are not a realistic concern.

Health-linked color concerns:

None. The Pharaoh Hound's simple color genetics are not linked to any health conditions. Unlike breeds with merle, dilute, or extreme white patterns that carry health risks, tan/red with limited white markings poses no inherent health concerns.

Nose and eye color:

The nose should be flesh-colored, harmonizing with the coat. Amber eyes complement the coat color. These features are genetically linked to the absence of eumelanin (black pigment) in the coat due to the e/e genotype. A dark nose or dark eyes would indicate the presence of eumelanin, which is incorrect for the breed.

The genetic simplicity of Pharaoh Hound color means breeders can focus on more important traits—structure, temperament, health, and genetic diversity—without worrying about producing "wrong" colors or health-linked color issues.

Selecting Breeding Stock

Selection of breeding stock in a rare breed like the Pharaoh Hound requires balancing multiple priorities: conformation to the standard, genetic health, temperament, and critically, genetic diversity. With an average coefficient of inbreeding (COI) of 9.5% across the breed, intentional efforts to reduce inbreeding are essential for long-term breed health.

Conformation priorities:

When evaluating potential breeding stock, prioritize the traits that define breed type and functional ability:

1. Overall balance and proportions (Importance: 10/10) - The Pharaoh Hound should be elegant but substantial, graceful but powerful, refined but never fragile. Balance supersedes individual features. A dog with a perfect head but poor body proportions is less valuable for breeding than a balanced dog with minor head faults.

2. Head type and expression (Importance: 9/10) - The long, lean wedge-shaped skull with minimal stop, large erect ears, and alert amber eyes creates the breed's distinctive noble expression. Poor head type significantly detracts from breed character.

3. Movement and gait (Importance: 9/10) - Pharaoh Hounds are coursing sighthounds. They must move effortlessly with good reach and drive. Restricted movement, short stride, or lack of smoothness indicates structural problems that will impact function and should be selected against.

4. Angulation and structure (Importance: 9/10) - Proper angulation of shoulder and rear assembly, correct depth of chest, level topline with slight slope to tail set, and correct tail carriage all contribute to correct movement and structural integrity.

5. Ear size and carriage (Importance: 8/10) - Large, erect ears with fine leather are essential to breed type. Small ears, poorly carried ears, or thick leather detract significantly from expression and type.

6. Temperament (Importance: 8/10) - Friendly, intelligent, affectionate with family, alert but not nervous or aggressive. The Pharaoh Hound should be a willing companion and hunting partner. Shy or aggressive temperaments are serious faults.

7. Coat texture and color (Importance: 7/10) - Short, glossy, fine to slightly harsh texture in any shade from tan to rich chestnut. Long, fluffy, or soft coats are serious faults.

8. Size and substance (Importance: 7/10) - Within the correct height range (males 23-25", females 21-24"), with appropriate substance. Too refined lacks durability; too coarse lacks elegance.

Common structural faults to select against:

• Heavy or coarse build (destroys elegance)
• Small or poorly carried ears (eliminates breed type)
• Incorrect coat texture—too long, fluffy, or soft
• Lack of angulation (restricts movement)
• Short or thick neck (ruins silhouette)
• Overly refined or lacking substance (fragile appearance)
• Incorrect bite (overshot or undershot)
• Shy or aggressive temperament

Temperament evaluation:

Assess all potential breeding stock for the friendly, affectionate, intelligent nature that defines the breed. Pharaoh Hounds should be alert and may be reserved with strangers, but they should never be shy, fearful, or aggressive. High prey drive is normal and desirable—this is a hunting breed—but aggression toward people or unmanageable dog-aggression are faults.

Evaluate temperament in multiple contexts: at home, in the show ring, in new environments, with strangers, with children, and with other dogs. Dogs with stable, correct temperaments should be prioritized for breeding even over dogs with slightly superior conformation but questionable temperament.

Genetic diversity and COI management:

The average COI across Pharaoh Hounds is 9.5%, which is higher than ideal. Target a COI of under 6.25% for all breedings. Calculate COI using online databases that include international pedigrees, not just domestic dogs. A breeding that appears low-COI based on American pedigrees alone may be much more closely related when Maltese and European ancestors are included.

Some strategies for reducing COI:

• Outcross to less commonly used bloodlines, even if that means sacrificing minor conformation points
• Consider importing semen from international lines to broaden the gene pool
• Avoid popular sire syndrome—do not breed to the current top-winning male simply because he's winning; evaluate whether he contributes genetic diversity
• Breed carrier dogs (for recessive conditions with DNA tests) to clear dogs, maintaining genetic diversity while preventing affected puppies

Stud selection:

When selecting a stud for your bitch, prioritize:

1. Complementary conformation: Stud should balance your bitch's weaknesses
2. Health clearances: All CHIC requirements current and available in OFA database
3. Proven fertility and litter quality: Has the stud produced healthy, typey puppies in previous breedings?
4. Genetic diversity: COI calculation for the proposed breeding should be under 6.25%
5. Temperament: Stud should display correct, stable temperament

Stud fees for Pharaoh Hounds typically range from $1,000-$2,000, with most falling around $1,500. Higher fees do not necessarily indicate superior quality—evaluate each stud on his individual merits and the genetic value he brings to your breeding program.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Pharaoh Hounds typically whelp naturally without complications, with only an 8% C-section rate across the breed. This low rate reflects the breed's athletic build, moderate size, and relative freedom from extreme structural features that complicate birth. Most Pharaoh Hound breeders can expect natural, uneventful whelpings with attentive maternal behavior.

Recommended whelping method:

Natural whelping is the norm and expectation. Prepare for a natural whelping but have emergency veterinary support available. Identify a veterinarian with sighthound anesthesia experience BEFORE whelping begins, and ensure they are on call during your bitch's delivery window.

Breed-specific complications:

Anesthesia sensitivity if C-section is required: This is the primary whelping concern in Pharaoh Hounds. If a C-section becomes necessary, work only with a veterinarian experienced in sighthound anesthesia protocols. Propofol for induction and isoflurane or sevoflurane for maintenance are preferred. Recovery may be prolonged compared to other breeds. Discuss protocols in advance so your veterinarian is prepared.

First-time mothers may need guidance: Maiden bitches occasionally need human assistance to break sacs, stimulate puppies, or sever umbilical cords. Most learn quickly, but be prepared to step in if necessary. Have clean towels, hemostats, dental floss (for tying cords if needed), bulb syringes for clearing airways, and a heating pad or warmed rice sock ready.

Active prey drive means secure whelping area is essential: Pharaoh Hounds have strong hunting instincts. Ensure the whelping area is completely secure and free from potential prey animals (rodents, birds, etc.) that could trigger predatory behavior and distract or stress the dam.

Birth weight and early growth:

Average birth weight:

Males: 1.5-2.0 pounds

Females: 1.3-1.8 pounds

Puppies significantly outside this range (below 1.0 lb or above 2.5 lb) warrant close monitoring. Unusually small puppies may struggle with thermoregulation and nursing, while unusually large puppies may indicate a small litter with oversized individuals.

Daily weight gain target: Healthy Pharaoh Hound puppies should gain 5-10% of their body weight per day during the first two weeks. Weigh puppies at the same time daily using a digital gram scale. Puppies that fail to gain weight consistently or lose weight require immediate veterinary attention—this often indicates infection, inadequate milk intake, or congenital problems.

Monitoring protocols:

• Weigh all puppies at birth and twice daily for the first week, then once daily through week 4
• Monitor nursing behavior—all puppies should nurse vigorously within the first few hours
• Check for cleft palates, which prevent nursing
• Ensure all puppies are warm—neonatal puppies cannot thermoregulate and require supplemental heat
• Observe stools—meconium should be passed in the first 24 hours, followed by yellowish, soft stools

Dewclaw removal, tail docking, and ear cropping:

None of these practices apply to Pharaoh Hounds. Dewclaws are left intact, tails are never docked, and ears are never cropped. The natural state is correct for the breed.

Common neonatal issues:

Fading puppy syndrome: Puppies that fail to thrive in the first 2 weeks often show non-specific signs (weak nursing, crying, failure to gain weight, low body temperature). Causes include congenital defects, infections, inadequate nutrition, and hypothermia. Immediate veterinary intervention is essential—fading puppies rarely recover without treatment.

Supplemental feeding: If the litter is large (9-10 puppies) or if the dam has insufficient milk production, supplemental feeding with canine milk replacer may be necessary. Tube feeding is more efficient than bottle feeding for neonates and ensures adequate intake. Work with your veterinarian to learn proper tube feeding technique before whelping so you're prepared if needed.

Timing of puppy checks and vaccinations:

First veterinary exam at 6-7 days (dewclaw check, general health assessment, and weight check)

First vaccinations at 6-8 weeks (typically before puppies go home)

Puppies should be dewormed starting at 2 weeks and continuing every 2 weeks through 8 weeks to address intestinal parasites acquired from the dam or environment.

Puppy Development Milestones

Pharaoh Hound puppies develop rapidly in their first weeks of life, transforming from tiny neonates to active, coordinated young dogs by 8 weeks. Understanding normal developmental milestones helps breeders identify potential problems early and optimize socialization timing.

Weekly developmental milestones:

Neonatal Period (Weeks 0-2):

Puppies are born with eyes and ears sealed, limited mobility, and complete dependence on the dam. Their primary activities are nursing and sleeping. During this period, they cannot regulate body temperature and require supplemental heat. By the end of week 2, eyes and ears begin opening, and puppies start to crawl more actively.

Transitional Period (Weeks 2-3):

Eyes and ears open, revealing cloudy blue eyes that will later darken to amber. Puppies begin to hear and see, though vision is still blurry. They start walking (often wobbly), and their first teeth begin erupting. Interest in their environment increases dramatically.

Awareness Period (Weeks 3-4):

Puppies become much more mobile and coordinated. They begin playing with littermates, exhibiting play bows and mock hunting behaviors. This is when breed-specific traits begin emerging—ears start to stand (though they may flop back down before final erectness), and the characteristic alert expression develops. Weaning can begin toward the end of this period with the introduction of moistened puppy food.

Canine Socialization Period (Weeks 4-7):

This is the critical period for learning canine social skills from the dam and littermates. Puppies learn bite inhibition, how to read canine body language, and proper play behavior. They should remain with the litter through this period. Weaning is typically complete by 6-7 weeks.

Human Socialization Period (Weeks 7-12):

Weeks 7-12 are the most critical for human socialization. Puppies should experience a wide variety of positive human interactions, environmental exposures, sounds, surfaces, and handling. This is the ideal time for puppies to go to their new homes (8-10 weeks) where intensive socialization continues.

Fear Impact Period (Weeks 8-10):

During this period, puppies are particularly sensitive to frightening experiences. A single traumatic event can have lasting effects. Handle this period with care, avoiding overwhelming experiences while still providing gentle exposure to novel stimuli. This is why many breeders prefer 10 weeks over 8 weeks for puppy placement—the most sensitive period has passed.

Weaning age: 6-7 weeks, with gradual transition starting at 3-4 weeks

Go-home age: 8-10 weeks (many Pharaoh Hound breeders prefer 10 weeks)

Adult size age: Pharaoh Hounds reach adult height by 12-18 months, with males often continuing to fill out through age 2. Full physical maturity is typically reached by 18-24 months.

Structural evaluation timing:

Evaluate puppies at 7-8 weeks for initial placement decisions (pet vs. show potential). However, Pharaoh Hounds go through significant growth and structural changes during adolescence. Re-evaluate at 6-9 months to determine which puppies have matured as expected and which should be released from breeding programs. Final structural evaluation cannot occur until full physical maturity at 18-24 months.

Critical socialization window: The period from 3-14 weeks is the most critical for socialization, with ongoing socialization through 6 months. Pharaoh Hound puppies should be exposed to:

• A variety of people (different ages, genders, appearances)
• Other vaccinated, friendly dogs
• Different environments (indoors, outdoors, urban, rural)
• Various surfaces (grass, concrete, gravel, tile, carpet)
• Sounds (household noises, traffic, thunderstorms via recordings)
• Handling (grooming, nail trims, ear exams, mouth exams)
• Car rides
• Crates and confinement

The goal is to produce confident, well-adjusted adults who adapt easily to new situations. Under-socialized Pharaoh Hounds may become fearful or overly reactive, which is particularly problematic in a breed with high prey drive that needs reliable recall and control.

Puppy aptitude testing:

At 7-8 weeks, conduct puppy aptitude testing to assess temperament and help match puppies to appropriate homes. Volhard's Puppy Aptitude Test or similar protocols evaluate social attraction, following, restraint, social dominance, elevation dominance, retrieving, touch sensitivity, sound sensitivity, and sight sensitivity. Results help identify confident, outgoing puppies suitable for active performance homes versus calmer puppies better suited to companion homes.

Breeding Economics

Breeding Pharaoh Hounds responsibly is rarely profitable when all costs are properly accounted for. Understanding the complete financial picture helps breeders set appropriate expectations, price puppies fairly, and determine whether breeding is financially sustainable for their circumstances.

Complete cost breakdown for a typical breeding:

Pre-breeding costs:

Health testing (per dog): $590

Hip dysplasia: $350

Patellar luxation: $75

Thyroid panel: $100

Eye exam: $65

This is a one-time cost for the dam (assuming you own her and she's not yet tested) but must be verified current for any stud dog. Most stud owners include proof of current health clearances as part of their stud contract.

Stud fee: $1,500 (typical; range $1,000-$2,000)

Many stud owners offer "stud fee puppies" (stud owner receives 1-2 puppies from the litter in lieu of cash payment). This defers cash outlay but reduces revenue from puppy sales. Calculate both options to determine which is more economical.

Breeding-related costs:

Progesterone testing: $550

Essential for optimal timing, this typically requires 2-3 tests in the week before breeding at approximately $150-$200 per test. Include one additional test if the first breeding doesn't result in pregnancy and you're trying again the next heat cycle.

Brucellosis testing: $75-$150 (recommended for both dam and stud before breeding)

Shipping costs (if applicable): $200-$500 for chilled semen shipping, or $1,000+ for frozen semen and surgical AI

Prenatal care: $400

Includes confirmation ultrasound (around day 28-32), X-ray for puppy count (around day 55), and pre-whelping exam. Some breeders opt for additional ultrasounds or monitoring, increasing costs.

Whelping costs:

Natural whelping: $200

Whelping supplies (bedding, heating elements, scales, hemostats, bulb syringes, etc.) and emergency veterinary standby fees

C-section (if needed): $1,200-$3,000

With only an 8% C-section rate, most Pharaoh Hound breeders will not incur this cost, but it's a possibility to budget for. Emergency C-sections are more expensive than scheduled procedures. Sighthound anesthesia protocols may add to the cost.

Puppy care costs:

Veterinary care per puppy: $240

First exam, dewclaw check (visual only; no removal performed), first vaccinations, deworming (multiple rounds), and health certificates for travel. Multiply by litter size—for 7 puppies, that's $1,680.

Food and supplies: $500

High-quality puppy food, weaning supplies, toys, bedding, and cleaning supplies. Larger litters cost more.

Registration costs: $270

AKC litter registration and individual puppy registration. Costs increase with litter size. Some breeders include AKC registration in the puppy price; others charge it as an add-on.

Total cost for a typical natural whelping with 7 puppies: Approximately $5,690

(Health testing $590 + Stud $1,500 + Progesterone $550 + Prenatal $400 + Whelping $200 + Puppy vet $1,680 + Food $500 + Registration $270)

If a C-section is required, add $1,000-$2,800 to that total.

Revenue:

Average puppy price:

Pet quality: $2,000

Show quality: $3,000

For a litter of 7 puppies, assume a realistic mix: 4 pet-quality puppies ($8,000) and 3 show-potential puppies ($9,000) = $17,000 total revenue if all puppies sell

If the stud owner took a puppy in lieu of cash stud fee, reduce revenue by $2,000-$3,000.

Net analysis:

Gross revenue: $17,500 (7 puppies at $2,500 average)

Total costs: $5,690

Net profit: $11,810

However, this calculation does not include:

• Purchase price of the dam (often $2,000-$4,000)
• Showing costs to earn a championship before breeding ($2,000-$10,000+)
• Time invested in prenatal care, whelping, neonatal care, and puppy socialization (hundreds of hours at no monetary compensation)
• Cost of maintaining the dam year-round (food, veterinary care, housing, training, exercise)
• Marketing expenses to find qualified homes
• Travel to pick up or deliver puppies
• Any complications (dystocia, sick puppies, puppy loss, dam health issues)

When time and overhead are factored in, most hobby breeders operate at a loss or break even. Commercial puppy production can be profitable at scale, but responsible hobby breeders breeding for preservation and improvement rarely profit significantly.

Pricing strategy:

Pharaoh Hound puppies typically sell for $2,000-$3,000 depending on quality, location, and the reputation of the breeding program. Puppies from health-tested, titled parents in well-established breeding programs command higher prices than puppies from untested, untitled dogs.

Do not underprice puppies to move them quickly—this attracts bargain hunters rather than committed owners and devalues the breed. Appropriate pricing reflects the investment in health testing, quality breeding stock, and proper puppy rearing.

Consider offering a health guarantee (typically 2 years for genetic health issues) and a contract requiring return of the dog to you if the buyer cannot keep it. These provisions demonstrate your commitment to your puppies' lifelong welfare and attract responsible buyers.

Breeder Resources

Successful Pharaoh Hound breeding requires connecting with experienced mentors, staying current with breed health research, and participating in the parent club community. The Pharaoh Hound's small population makes breeder collaboration particularly important—no one can preserve this rare breed alone.

Parent Club:

Pharaoh Hound Club of America (PHCA)

Website: https://ph-club.org/

The PHCA is the AKC-recognized parent club for the breed and offers invaluable resources including:

• Breeder directory and stud dog listings
• Code of Ethics for responsible breeding
• Health and genetics information
• Educational seminars and webinars
• Annual national specialty show
• Regional club contacts
• Breed rescue coordination

Membership in the PHCA connects you with experienced breeders who can provide mentorship, share bloodline information, and offer guidance on difficult breeding decisions. The club also advocates for breed health research and maintains databases of health testing results.

Regional Clubs:

Several regional Pharaoh Hound clubs exist across the United States, offering local events, specialty shows, and community connections. Contact the PHCA for information about clubs in your region.

AKC Breeder Programs:

AKC Breeder of Merit - Recognizes breeders who demonstrate a commitment to health testing, continuing education, and production of quality dogs. Requirements include health testing all breeding stock, AKC registration of all litters, and participation in AKC events. This designation helps buyers identify responsible breeders.

AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T. Program - Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, Tradition. This program recognizes breeders who go beyond the minimum, completing mandatory health testing, participating in ongoing education, and demonstrating commitment to breed improvement. Certification involves an application process and annual renewal.

Participation in these programs provides credibility with puppy buyers and demonstrates your commitment to responsible breeding practices.

Recommended Books:

"The Pharaoh Hound" by various PHCA authors - The breed-specific comprehensive guide covering history, standard, breeding, and care. Essential reading for anyone breeding Pharaoh Hounds.

"Sighthounds: Their Form, Their Function and Their Future" by M. H. Salmon - An in-depth look at sighthound structure, movement, and breeding. Critical for understanding what makes a structurally correct coursing hound.

"The Complete Dog Book" (AKC official breed guide) - Includes the official Pharaoh Hound breed standard and overview, along with information on all AKC breeds for comparison.

Online Communities:

Pharaoh Hound Club of America Facebook group - Active community for breed discussion, questions, health updates, and event announcements. Great for connecting with other owners and breeders.

Pharaoh Hound enthusiasts forums - Various online forums and discussion groups where breeders share information, post pedigrees, and discuss breeding decisions.

AKC Parent Club events and specialties - Attend the annual PHCA national specialty to see top-quality Pharaoh Hounds, network with breeders, and attend educational seminars.

Additional resources:

Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) - ofa.org - Database of health testing results. Search for Pharaoh Hounds with CHIC certification and review health trends across the breed.

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) - ofa.org - Repository of health clearances for hips, patellas, thyroid, and more. Essential for researching potential mates and reviewing health in specific bloodlines.

Institute of Canine Biology - instituteofcaninebiology.org - Research and education on canine genetics, inbreeding, and health. Offers webinars and articles on genetic diversity management.

Mentorship:

New breeders should seek mentorship from established, respected Pharaoh Hound breeders. A good mentor will:

• Review your bitch's pedigree and help you select an appropriate stud
• Calculate COI for proposed breedings
• Provide guidance on whelping and puppy rearing
• Help evaluate puppies for placement decisions
• Offer support when challenges arise

Mentorship is traditionally offered informally within the breed community. Attend shows, join the parent club, and build relationships with breeders whose ethics and dogs you respect.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Pharaoh Hounds typically have?

Pharaoh Hounds average 7 puppies per litter, with a typical range of 4-10 puppies. Litter size tends to be most consistent between a dam's ages of 3-5 years. First-time mothers may have slightly smaller litters (5-6 puppies), while experienced dams in their prime often produce the larger litters within the normal range. Very large litters (9-10 puppies) may require supplemental feeding if the dam cannot produce sufficient milk for all puppies.

Do Pharaoh Hounds need C-sections?

Pharaoh Hounds have a low C-section rate of approximately 8%, meaning the vast majority whelp naturally without surgical intervention. This is significantly better than many other purebred dogs and reflects the breed's athletic build and moderate size. Natural whelping is the expectation, but breeders should always have emergency veterinary support available. If a C-section becomes necessary, it's critical to use a veterinarian experienced with sighthound anesthesia protocols, as Pharaoh Hounds share the anesthesia sensitivity common to sighthound breeds.

What health tests are required for breeding Pharaoh Hounds?

CHIC certification for Pharaoh Hounds requires four health clearances: hip dysplasia evaluation via OFA or PennHIP ($350), patellar luxation examination ($75), autoimmune thyroiditis testing via OFA thyroid panel ($100), and annual eye examinations through CAER ($65 per year). The total first-time cost is approximately $590, with annual eye exams required thereafter. All breeding stock should complete these tests with results publicly registered in the OFA database, and breeders should only breed dogs that pass these evaluations.

How much does it cost to breed Pharaoh Hounds?

A typical Pharaoh Hound breeding costs approximately $5,690 for a natural whelping with an average litter of 7 puppies. This includes health testing ($590), stud fee ($1,500), progesterone testing ($550), prenatal care ($400), whelping supplies ($200), puppy veterinary care ($1,680 for 7 puppies), food and supplies ($500), and registration costs ($270). If a C-section is required, add $1,200-$3,000. These figures don't include the purchase price of the dam, showing costs, or the breeder's time investment.

At what age can you breed a Pharaoh Hound?

Female Pharaoh Hounds should not be bred before 2 years of age, which allows time for physical maturity and completion of required health clearances. OFA hip and thyroid evaluations require dogs to be at least 24 months old. Males can also be bred starting at 2 years after health clearances. Most breeders retire females by 6-8 years of age and limit each bitch to a maximum of 4 litters regardless of age. This conservative approach prioritizes the long-term health and welfare of breeding dogs.

How much do Pharaoh Hound puppies cost?

Pharaoh Hound puppies from health-tested, titled parents typically cost $2,000-$3,000. Pet-quality puppies (those not intended for showing or breeding) generally fall toward the lower end of this range around $2,000, while show-potential puppies from proven bloodlines command $3,000 or more. Prices reflect the breeder's investment in health testing, quality breeding stock, prenatal and neonatal care, and proper socialization. Unusually low prices may indicate lack of health testing or corner-cutting in puppy care.

What are the most common health problems in Pharaoh Hounds?

Pharaoh Hounds are relatively healthy compared to many purebred dogs. The most significant breed-specific concern is anesthesia sensitivity (approximately 15% of sighthounds experience complications), which affects drug metabolism during surgery or sedation. Other hereditary conditions with low to moderate prevalence include hip dysplasia (5-10%), hypothyroidism from autoimmune thyroiditis (5-8%), patellar luxation (under 5%), and progressive retinal atrophy (under 5%). The breed also shows a moderately increased risk for certain cancers like hemangiosarcoma in middle to senior age. Comprehensive health testing before breeding helps reduce these conditions in future generations.

Is breeding Pharaoh Hounds profitable?

Breeding Pharaoh Hounds responsibly is rarely significantly profitable when all costs are properly accounted for. While a litter of 7 puppies selling at an average of $2,500 each generates $17,500 in gross revenue, expenses total approximately $5,690 for a natural whelping ($1,200+ more if a C-section is required). However, this net figure doesn't include the purchase price of the breeding bitch, showing costs to earn titles, the breeder's time investment (hundreds of hours), year-round maintenance costs for the dam, or marketing expenses. When these factors are included, most responsible hobby breeders operate at break-even or a loss. Breeding should be undertaken for breed improvement and preservation, not profit.

What is coefficient of inbreeding (COI) and why does it matter for Pharaoh Hounds?

Coefficient of inbreeding (COI) measures the probability that a dog has inherited identical gene copies from both parents due to shared ancestry. The average COI in Pharaoh Hounds is 9.5%, which is higher than ideal and reflects the breed's limited gene pool as a rare breed. Breeders should target a COI under 6.25% for all breedings to maintain genetic diversity and reduce the risk of inherited health problems. High inbreeding increases the likelihood of expressing harmful recessive genes and reduces overall genetic fitness. Calculating COI before every breeding using databases that include international pedigrees is essential for responsible Pharaoh Hound breeding.

Do Pharaoh Hounds really "blush" when excited?

Yes, many Pharaoh Hounds display a charming trait where their nose and ears turn rosy pink when they're excited, happy, or aroused. This "blushing" occurs because increased blood flow becomes visible through their flesh-colored nose leather and thin ear leather. Not all individuals display this trait prominently, and it's more noticeable in dogs with lighter pigment. While not mentioned in the breed standard, it's a delightful characteristic that many owners and breeders love about the breed. This trait does not affect health or breeding suitability—it's simply one of the breed's endearing quirks.

Should I breed my Pharaoh Hound if she's a wonderful pet?

Being a wonderful pet is not sufficient justification for breeding. Responsible breeding requires comprehensive health testing (hips, patellas, thyroid, eyes), evaluation of conformation to the breed standard through showing or structured evaluation by experienced breeders, assessment of temperament suitability for breeding, calculation of COI with potential mates to ensure genetic diversity, and the financial resources and time commitment to provide proper prenatal care, whelping support, neonatal care, and puppy socialization. If your bitch does not meet these criteria, breeding is not responsible. Spaying your wonderful pet and supporting responsible preservation breeders by purchasing a well-bred puppy in the future is the ethical choice if you want another Pharaoh Hound.

How do I find a good stud dog for my Pharaoh Hound?

Finding an appropriate stud requires research and networking. Start by attending Pharaoh Hound specialty shows to see males in person and meet their owners. Study pedigrees to understand bloodline strengths and weaknesses, and calculate COI for potential pairings (target under 6.25%). Verify that all potential studs have current CHIC health clearances publicly available in the OFA database. Evaluate each stud's conformation and ensure he complements your bitch's strengths and balances her weaknesses. Seek mentorship from experienced breeders who can review your bitch's pedigree and suggest appropriate matches. Stud fees typically range from $1,000-$2,000, but the most expensive stud is not necessarily the best match for your particular bitch—prioritize genetic compatibility and health over price or show wins.