Breeding Norwegian Elkhounds

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Norwegian Elkhounds demands careful attention to hereditary health conditions, particularly the breed's elevated hip dysplasia rates, Progressive Retinal Atrophy with available DNA testing, and kidney diseases unique to this ancient Nordic hunting breed. This comprehensive guide covers health testing protocols, renal function screening, agouti coat genetics, and economic considerations specific to maintaining quality in this declining yet historically significant breed.

Breed Overview

The Norwegian Elkhound stands as one of the most ancient Northern Spitz-type breeds, serving as the National Dog of Norway for over 4,000 years. Archaeological excavations have uncovered Elkhound remains dating back 4,000 to 5,000 years, making this breed a living connection to the Viking Age and earlier Nordic cultures. These dogs sailed with the Vikings and are referenced in Norse sagas as hunters, guardians, and companions.

Developed for tracking and holding large game—moose, bear, and lynx—in Norway's harsh terrain and climate, the Norwegian Elkhound evolved as a hardy, independent, and remarkably enduring hunting dog. The breed's bold temperament, powerful voice, and agility allowed it to bay at quarry while dodging attacks, demonstrating both courage and tactical intelligence.

Recognized by the AKC in 1913, the Norwegian Elkhound is classified in the Hound Group. The breed currently ranks #109 in AKC popularity, reflecting a concerning downward trend that makes preservation breeding particularly important. The parent club, the Norwegian Elkhound Association of America (NEAA), founded in 1935, actively supports breed education, health research, and responsible breeding practices.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

The Norwegian Elkhound standard emphasizes a square, balanced dog built for endurance and agility in demanding conditions. Understanding these structural priorities is essential for selecting breeding stock that can perform the breed's original function while maintaining correct type.

Size specifications:

• Males: 20.5 inches at withers, approximately 55 pounds
• Females: 19.5 inches at withers, approximately 48 pounds

Key structural priorities for breeding decisions:

• Square profile: Length of body from prosternum to point of buttocks equals height at withers—this balanced proportion enables the quick turns and agility needed for hunting
• Correct angulation: Moderate angulation front and rear provides the endurance for tracking over rough terrain for hours without tiring; straight shoulders or stifles are serious faults
• Deep chest and strong topline: Adequate heart and lung room for stamina; level topline from withers to tail set
• Tightly curled tail: Tail set high and carried tightly curled over the centerline of back—a hallmark breed characteristic
• Broad head with wedge-shaped muzzle: Distinctive expression with dark brown oval eyes (never light), medium-sized high-set erect ears

Disqualifications that eliminate dogs from breeding programs:

• Any overall color other than gray
• White paws
• Too much or too little black tipping

Serious faults affecting breeding stock selection:

• Overbuilt or underbuilt proportions (not square)
• Short in leg or lacking substance
• Fine boned structure
• Poor angulation (straight stifle, straight shoulder)
• Soft, silky coat or coat with a part (should be dense double coat, smooth lying)
• Yellow or brown eyes (must be dark brown)
• Incorrect tail carriage or loosely curled tail

The Norwegian Elkhound should present as a bold, energetic dog with the substance and balance to work all day in challenging conditions. Selecting for these functional attributes ensures the breed retains its unique working heritage.

Norwegian Elkhound Reproductive Profile

Norwegian Elkhounds are generally reliable and straightforward breeders with consistent litter sizes and low C-section rates compared to many modern breeds. Understanding the breed's reproductive characteristics helps breeders plan successful matings and manage expectations.

Litter size data:

• Average litter size: 7 puppies
• Typical range: 6-8 puppies
• Distribution: Most litters fall in the 7-8 puppy range, though litters of 4-10 puppies occur occasionally

The breed's moderate size, balanced proportions, and natural build contribute to trouble-free whelping in most cases.

C-section rate: Approximately 12%—significantly lower than brachycephalic breeds (80%+) and comparable to other medium-sized natural breeds like the Beagle (10-15%). Most Norwegian Elkhounds whelp naturally without intervention when proper prenatal care and monitoring are provided.

Fertility considerations:

• Irregular heat cycles in some lines can complicate breeding timing; progesterone testing is recommended for accurate ovulation prediction
• False pregnancies occur occasionally and should be documented in breeding records
• Small litter size in older dams (over 6-7 years) is common; consider retiring females after 5 litters or age 7, whichever comes first

AI suitability:

• Natural breeding is strongly preferred and most successful
• Fresh chilled AI is acceptable when natural tie is unsuccessful due to behavioral or physical incompatibility
• Frozen AI is occasionally used for international breeding to preserve genetic diversity, but conception rates are lower than natural breeding

The Norwegian Elkhound's reproductive profile favors natural breeding practices and rewards breeders who maintain healthy, structurally sound females on a moderate breeding schedule.

Breeding Age and Timeline

Responsible breeding of Norwegian Elkhounds requires patience to allow full physical maturity and completion of all required health clearances before the first breeding. This timeline protects the health of breeding stock and ensures only dogs with verified health testing contribute to the next generation.

Female first heat: Most Norwegian Elkhound females experience their first heat cycle between 6-12 months of age. Early spaying is NOT recommended for dogs intended as breeding stock, as research shows benefits to allowing full skeletal maturity.

Recommended first breeding age:

• Females: 24 months minimum (after all health clearances completed and ideally after second or third heat cycle for better physical and mental maturity)
• Males: 24 months minimum (after all health clearances completed)

OFA testing windows:

• Hip dysplasia (OFA or PennHIP): 24 months minimum (preliminary evaluations at 18 months provide early information but final certification requires 24 months)
• Thyroid (OFA): 12 months minimum, but waiting until 24 months to align with hip testing is practical
• Renal function (OFA): 24 months minimum for CHIC requirement—CRITICAL for Norwegian Elkhounds due to breed-specific kidney diseases

Eye examination (CERF/CAER): Can be performed at any age; annual re-examination is required. Baseline eye exam before first breeding is recommended, then annual thereafter.

Breeding timeline from health testing through puppy placement:

1. Age 18-24 months: Complete all preliminary and final health testing (hips, eyes, thyroid, renal function)
2. 2-3 weeks before expected heat: Begin monitoring for proestrus signs (vulvar swelling, behavioral changes)
3. Day 1 of heat cycle: Start progesterone testing every 2-3 days to determine optimal breeding window
4. Breeding: Typically occurs 10-14 days after onset of heat when progesterone levels reach 5-15 ng/ml
5. Day 28-30 post-breeding: Ultrasound pregnancy confirmation
6. Day 55-58 (Week 8): Radiograph to count puppies and assess fetal positioning
7. Day 63 (average): Whelping (range 58-68 days from breeding)
8. 8-10 weeks: Puppies go to new homes after socialization, health exams, and evaluations

Retirement guidelines:

• Females: Retire by age 6-7 years or after 5 litters, whichever comes first
• Males: Can be bred longer if health and fertility remain strong, but monitor semen quality after age 8-10 years

Breeding frequency:

• No more than one litter per year per female
• Skip at least one heat cycle between litters to allow full physical recovery
• Limit lifetime production to 5 litters maximum to preserve the dam's long-term health

This conservative timeline ensures that Norwegian Elkhound breeding stock reaches full maturity, passes comprehensive health testing, and maintains excellent condition throughout their reproductive years.

Required Health Testing

The Norwegian Elkhound CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) program requires four specific tests that address the breed's most significant hereditary health concerns. Every Norwegian Elkhound intended for breeding must complete ALL of these tests, with results registered with OFA and publicly available.

CHIC required tests:

1. Hip Dysplasia (OFA or PennHIP evaluation) - $200

Screens for hip joint malformation and degenerative joint disease. Norwegian Elkhounds have concerningly high hip dysplasia rates: 37% in males and 22% in females according to OFA data. This makes hip screening MANDATORY for every breeding dog, with only dogs receiving OFA Fair or better (or PennHIP equivalents within breed norms) used for breeding.

Testing protocol: Radiographs taken under sedation at 24+ months of age, submitted to OFA for evaluation. Results include ratings from Excellent to Dysplastic. Breeders should aim for Good or Excellent hips and avoid breeding dogs with any degree of dysplasia.

2. Eye Examination by ACVO Ophthalmologist (CERF/CAER) - $75 annually

Screens for Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA-erd), cataracts, and other ocular diseases. Norwegian Elkhounds are at moderate risk for early-onset PRA that causes blindness by 18 months. Annual eye exams are required because some conditions are late-onset.

Testing protocol: Annual dilated eye examination by board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist. Results must be current (within past 12 months) at the time of breeding. DNA test for PRA-erd is strongly recommended in addition to clinical exams (see Additional Recommended Tests).

3. Autoimmune Thyroiditis (OFA thyroid panel) - $150

Screens for hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disease. While Norwegian Elkhounds rank low (#104) for thyroid disease prevalence (under 3%), the condition is heritable and can impact fertility, coat quality, and overall health.

Testing protocol: Blood sample submitted to OFA-approved laboratory for full thyroid panel including T3, T4, free T3, free T4, and thyroid autoantibodies. Testing at 24 months aligns with hip evaluation timing.

4. Renal Function Testing (OFA) - $200

Screens for Fanconi syndrome, glomerulonephropathy, and other kidney diseases. This is a breed-specific CHIC requirement reflecting the Norwegian Elkhound's documented risk for hereditary kidney disorders.

Testing protocol: Urine and blood testing including urine protein:creatinine ratio, urine specific gravity, BUN, creatinine, and electrolytes. Results submitted to OFA for evaluation. Testing at 24+ months is required.

Total CHIC testing cost per dog: Approximately $625 for the four required tests (one-time cost for hips, thyroid, and renal; annual cost for eyes).

Additional Recommended Tests (beyond CHIC minimum):

PRA-erd DNA Test (Optigen) - $65

A breed-specific DNA test for Early Retinal Degeneration in Norwegian Elkhounds. This autosomal recessive mutation causes night blindness progressing to complete blindness by 18 months.

Why it's critical: DNA testing identifies carriers and affected dogs with certainty, allowing breeders to avoid affected x affected pairings while preserving valuable genetics through careful carrier management. Unlike clinical eye exams that detect the disease only after damage begins, DNA testing reveals genetic status from birth.

Carrier management: Clear x Clear = all clear puppies; Clear x Carrier = 50% clear, 50% carrier puppies; Carrier x Carrier = 25% affected, 50% carrier, 25% clear. NEVER breed two carriers together. Carriers can be bred to clear dogs safely.

Cardiac Evaluation (OFA) - $50

Basic auscultation for congenital heart defects by a veterinarian or board-certified cardiologist.

Elbow Dysplasia (OFA) - $40

Screens for elbow joint abnormalities. While not a CHIC requirement for Norwegian Elkhounds, this test is valuable for lines with any history of front-end lameness.

Where to get testing:

• OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals): Hip, elbow, cardiac, thyroid, and renal evaluations
• ACVO ophthalmologists: Annual eye examinations (find one at acvo.org)
• Optigen (now part of Wisdom Panel): PRA-erd DNA test

Completing the full CHIC battery plus PRA DNA testing demonstrates a breeder's commitment to producing healthy Norwegian Elkhounds and provides puppy buyers with documented evidence of health screening.

Hereditary Health Conditions

Norwegian Elkhounds face several significant hereditary health challenges that every breeder must understand and screen for. The breed's elevated hip dysplasia rates, progressive eye disease, and kidney disorders demand careful genetic management and rigorous health testing protocols.

Hip Dysplasia

Prevalence: 37% in males, 22% in females—among the highest rates in medium-sized breeds

Inheritance mode: Polygenic/multifactorial (influenced by multiple genes plus environmental factors like growth rate and exercise during development)

DNA test available: No—radiographic evaluation (OFA or PennHIP) is the only reliable screening method

Clinical signs: Lameness, decreased activity, difficulty rising, reluctance to jump or climb stairs, bunny-hopping gait, pain on hip manipulation, eventual arthritis

Age of onset: Clinical signs typically appear 6 months to 2 years, but may develop later as degenerative changes progress

Breeding implications: The Norwegian Elkhound's high hip dysplasia rate makes this the single most important health screening for the breed. Breed only dogs with OFA Good or Excellent hips (or PennHIP scores in the best 50% of the breed). Avoid breeding any dog with dysplasia, even mild. While genetics are complex, consistent selection for superior hips over multiple generations will reduce prevalence. Compare to breeds like the Rhodesian Ridgeback which have successfully reduced hip dysplasia rates through decades of selective breeding.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (Early Retinal Degeneration - PRA-erd)

Prevalence: Moderate concern in the breed; exact frequency unknown but DNA carriers exist in breeding population

Inheritance mode: Autosomal recessive—both parents must be carriers or affected for puppies to develop the disease

DNA test available: YES—PRA-erd test available from Optigen/Wisdom Panel

Clinical signs: Night blindness appearing as early as 6 months, progressing to complete blindness by 18 months; dilated pupils, reluctance to navigate in dim light, bumping into objects in dark environments

Age of onset: 6-18 months—one of the earliest-onset forms of PRA in dogs

Breeding implications: DNA testing is ESSENTIAL for all breeding stock. Test results are Clear (normal/normal), Carrier (normal/affected), or Affected (affected/affected). Never breed two carriers together (25% of puppies will be blind). Carriers can be bred to clear dogs safely, producing 50% clear and 50% carrier puppies with NO affected puppies. Affected dogs should NEVER be bred. The early onset and severity of this disease makes genetic screening a non-negotiable requirement.

Fanconi Syndrome

Prevalence: Low to moderate; idiopathic form reported in Norwegian Elkhounds

Inheritance mode: Suspected genetic but mode unknown in Norwegian Elkhounds (in Basenjis it is autosomal recessive; DNA test exists for Basenjis but does NOT work for Norwegian Elkhounds)

DNA test available: No (the Basenji test does not detect Fanconi in other breeds)

Clinical signs: Excessive urination and thirst (polydipsia/polyuria), weight loss despite good appetite, weakness, abnormal electrolyte levels, glucose in urine despite normal blood glucose (renal tubule dysfunction)

Age of onset: Typically 2-6 years

Breeding implications: This kidney tubule disorder is one reason CHIC requires renal function testing in Norwegian Elkhounds. Affected dogs show glucose in urine, abnormal electrolyte levels, and often poor body condition. The OFA renal panel screens for early signs. Dogs with abnormal renal function tests should NOT be bred. Family history of Fanconi should be investigated before breeding decisions.

Glomerulonephropathy

Prevalence: Rare to moderate; inherited kidney disease documented in Norwegian Elkhounds

Inheritance mode: Suspected hereditary; exact mode unknown

DNA test available: No

Clinical signs: Protein in urine (proteinuria), progressive kidney failure, edema (fluid retention), weight loss, lethargy, increased thirst and urination, eventual renal failure

Age of onset: Young to middle age (1-5 years typically)

Breeding implications: This is another critical reason for the CHIC renal function requirement. The OFA renal panel measures urine protein:creatinine ratio, which detects protein loss through damaged kidney filters. Dogs with persistent proteinuria or abnormal renal values should NOT be bred. Siblings or offspring of affected dogs should receive extra scrutiny and possibly retest renal function before breeding.

Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hypothyroidism)

Prevalence: Low (under 3%, rank #104 among breeds per OFA data)

Inheritance mode: Autoimmune disease with likely genetic predisposition, complex inheritance

DNA test available: No

Clinical signs: Weight gain, lethargy, hair loss (especially tail and flanks), skin infections, cold intolerance, behavioral changes, reproductive issues (irregular cycles, small litters, low libido)

Age of onset: Typically 2-5 years

Breeding implications: Though relatively uncommon in Norwegian Elkhounds, thyroid disease can impact fertility and overall vigor. The OFA thyroid panel screens for both low thyroid hormone levels AND thyroid autoantibodies (indicating autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland). Dogs with thyroid autoantibodies should not be bred even if current hormone levels are normal, as the autoimmune process will eventually destroy thyroid function.

Critical breeding strategies for Norwegian Elkhound health:

1. Hip dysplasia: Breed ONLY Good or Excellent hips; track improvement across generations
2. PRA-erd: DNA test ALL breeding stock; never breed two carriers
3. Kidney disease: Complete OFA renal panel on all breeding stock; exclude dogs with proteinuria or abnormal values
4. Pedigree research: Investigate family history of kidney disease, early blindness, and severe hip dysplasia before using new dogs

Maintaining comprehensive health databases and openly sharing results benefits the entire breed.

Color and Coat Genetics

The Norwegian Elkhound is unique among AKC breeds for its strict color requirement: only gray dogs are acceptable, and any other overall color is an automatic disqualification. Understanding the genetic basis of this distinctive wolf-gray coat is essential for breeding decisions.

Accepted colors (per AKC standard):

• Gray in various shades from light silver-gray to dark gray
• Gray with black-tipped guard hairs (creating darker saddle/harness pattern over back and shoulders)
• Cream or gray-brown undertones are acceptable as long as the overall impression is gray

The breed standard describes the ideal color pattern: "Gray, medium preferred, variations in shade determined by the length of black tips and quantity of guard hairs. Undercoat is clear light silver... Muzzle, ears, and tail tip are black. The black of the muzzle shades to lighter gray over the forehead and skull. The underside of the dog, from forechest to stern, is light silver, as are the legs and the underside of the tail. There is a dark line from eye to ear and a characteristic harness mark on shoulders."

Disqualifying colors (immediate DQ):

• Any overall color other than gray (solid black, brown, yellow, red, white)
• White paws (white limited to small chest spot is acceptable)
• Too much or too little black tipping (extreme deviation from standard gray pattern)

Genetic basis of the Norwegian Elkhound color:

The Norwegian Elkhound's distinctive gray wolf-sable coloration is controlled primarily by the Agouti (A) locus. The relevant genetic loci are:

A (Agouti) locus: aw/aw (wolf sable/wild-type agouti)

The "aw" allele produces the banded hair pattern characteristic of wild canids—each individual guard hair has bands of color (light base, dark middle, light again, dark tip). This creates the overall gray appearance with darker overlay.

E (Extension) locus: E/E (normal extension allows agouti expression)

Norwegian Elkhounds must be E/E to allow the agouti pattern to show through. The recessive "e/e" genotype would produce a solid lighter color (red/cream), which would be disqualified.

K (Dominant Black) locus: ky/ky (allows agouti to show)

Norwegian Elkhounds must be ky/ky (non-dominant black). A single copy of the KB allele (KB/ky or KB/KB) would produce solid black coloring, which is disqualified.

B (Brown) locus: B/B (black pigment, not brown)

Norwegian Elkhounds have normal black pigment (B/B). The recessive b/b genotype would produce brown pigment instead of black, altering the characteristic black mask and tip pattern.

D (Dilution) locus: D/D (intense pigment, not diluted)

Norwegian Elkhounds have intense pigment (D/D). The recessive d/d genotype would dilute black to blue-gray and is not part of the breed standard.

Breeding for correct color:

Because the Norwegian Elkhound has been bred for centuries as a gray dog, the population is essentially fixed for the correct color genotype: aw/aw, E/E, ky/ky, B/B, D/D. This means that gray x gray = 100% gray puppies in normal circumstances.

Color-related health concerns:

Excessive white markings can indicate cross-breeding or genetic abnormality and are disqualified. Limited white on the chest (small spot) is acceptable and common in the breed.

Unlike some breeds, the Norwegian Elkhound's gray coloration is NOT associated with specific health problems. There is no equivalent to the merle-linked hearing loss seen in some herding breeds or the dilute alopecia seen in dilute-colored breeds.

Complexity tier: LOW

Color breeding in Norwegian Elkhounds is straightforward: gray x gray produces gray puppies. Breeders should select for the QUALITY and PATTERN of the gray color as described in the standard (correct harness mark, black mask, black ear tips and tail tip, light underside), not just "gray." Dogs with washed-out gray color, excessive dark overlay obscuring the harness pattern, or insufficient black tipping should be evaluated critically for breeding use.

Color-linked disqualifications to watch for:

• Solid black puppies (would indicate incorrect genetics—investigate pedigree)
• Brown/liver puppies (would indicate bb genotype—should not occur in purebred lines)
• Excessive white (white paws, large white body patches—disqualified)
• Solid red/cream puppies (would indicate ee genotype—should not occur in purebred lines)

If non-gray puppies appear in a litter, investigate pedigrees carefully and consider DNA parentage verification.

Selecting Norwegian Elkhound Breeding Stock

Choosing Norwegian Elkhounds for breeding requires balancing structural soundness, health testing results, temperament, genetic diversity, and adherence to the breed standard. The following priorities guide selection of quality breeding stock.

Conformation priorities from the breed standard:

1. Balanced square proportions: Length equals height—measure from prosternum to point of buttocks and compare to height at withers. Long-bodied or short-legged dogs lose the agility that defines the breed
2. Correct angulation front and rear: Moderate angulation with good layback of shoulder and correct bend of stifle provides the endurance for all-day work. Straight shoulders or straight stifles are serious faults that compromise movement efficiency
3. Dense gray double coat: Harsh outer coat, soft dense undercoat in the characteristic gray color pattern with black mask, ear tips, tail tip, and harness mark. Avoid soft, silky coats or coats with a part
4. Head type and expression: Broad wedge-shaped head, dark brown oval eyes (never light), medium-sized high-set erect ears. The expression should be alert, bold, and intelligent
5. Tightly curled tail: Tail set high and carried tightly curled over the centerline of back—a defining breed characteristic. Loosely curled or improperly carried tails are faulty
6. Sound movement: Smooth, effortless gait with good reach and drive, topline remaining level. Evidence of efficient, tireless movement

Common faults to select AGAINST:

• Long in body (not square)—compromises agility
• Straight stifle or straight shoulder—reduces endurance and efficiency
• Fine boned or lacking substance—insufficient for demanding work
• Light eyes (yellow or brown instead of dark brown)—incorrect expression
• Soft, silky coat or coat with a part—not weather-resistant
• Excessive white markings or incorrect gray shade—color faults
• Tail not tightly curled or carried incorrectly—loss of breed type
• Cow hocks or east-west front—structural faults affecting movement

Temperament evaluation:

Norwegian Elkhounds should be bold but not aggressive, friendly yet dignified, and independent while remaining loyal. The breed standard states: "In temperament, the Norwegian Elkhound is bold and energetic, an effective guardian yet normally friendly, with great dignity and independence of character."

Evaluation protocol:

• Confidence: Dog should approach novel situations with interest, not fear; investigate new environments boldly
• Stability: Should not show unprovoked aggression toward people or other dogs; steady temperament under stress
• Trainability: Independent yet willing to work with handler; not overly stubborn or shut down
• Natural guarding instinct: Naturally alert and watchful without excessive shyness or aggression
• Energy level: Energetic and playful with family, but settles appropriately

Avoid breeding dogs showing extreme shyness, unprovoked aggression, hyperactivity that doesn't settle, or excessive stubbornness that prevents training.

Health testing requirements (non-negotiable):

Before considering ANY Norwegian Elkhound for breeding:

• Hip dysplasia: OFA Good or Excellent (or PennHIP equivalent in top 50% of breed); Fair may be considered if other traits are exceptional and paired with Excellent
• Eyes: Current CAER/CERF exam within past 12 months showing no disqualifying conditions
• Thyroid: OFA thyroid panel showing normal values and no autoantibodies
• Renal function: OFA renal panel showing normal kidney function (no proteinuria, normal values)
• PRA-erd DNA test: Clear or Carrier acceptable (never breed two carriers together); Affected dogs NEVER bred

Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI) targets:

Average Norwegian Elkhound COI: 8.5% (5-generation calculation)

Target COI for planned breedings: Under 6.25% (equivalent to less related than half-siblings)

The Norwegian Elkhound has a relatively small gene pool worldwide, and some inbreeding is unavoidable in preserving type. However, breeders should:

• Calculate COI for all planned breedings (use online calculators or software)
• Avoid repeat breedings that produced hereditary health problems
• Consider outcrossing to less-used lines when COI exceeds 10%
• Balance COI with health, structure, and temperament—do not sacrifice quality solely for low COI, but do not ignore genetic diversity either

Stud dog selection criteria:

When selecting a stud for your female:

• Health clearances: All CHIC requirements plus PRA DNA test (must be Clear if your female is Carrier)
• Structural strengths: Choose a male whose conformation strengths complement your female's weaknesses
• Temperament: Proven stable temperament, ideally with offspring demonstrating good temperaments
• Pedigree research: No family history of kidney disease, early-onset PRA, or severe hip dysplasia in close relatives
• Genetic diversity: Avoid doubling up on the same ancestors in the first 3-4 generations when possible

Stud fee range: $500-$1,200 depending on the stud's show record, health testing, proven producing ability, and reputation

Evaluating producing ability:

If a dog or bitch has previous offspring, evaluate them:

• Do the offspring have better hips than the breed average?
• Do the offspring have good temperaments?
• Are the offspring structurally sound and typey?
• Have any offspring developed early-onset health problems?

A dog that consistently produces offspring superior to the breed average in health and structure is more valuable than one with excellent individual qualities but inconsistent offspring.

Selecting Norwegian Elkhound breeding stock is a multi-year commitment to health testing, temperament evaluation, show or working performance assessment, and pedigree research. The goal is each generation healthier, sounder, and more typey than the last.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Norwegian Elkhounds are generally straightforward, capable whelpers thanks to their moderate size, balanced proportions, and natural build. Understanding breed-specific considerations helps breeders support healthy deliveries and manage the critical first weeks of life.

Recommended whelping method: Natural whelping is expected for the majority of Norwegian Elkhound litters. The 12% C-section rate is comparable to other medium-sized natural breeds and significantly lower than brachycephalic breeds requiring routine surgical delivery.

Breed-specific whelping considerations:

Generally trouble-free whelpers: The Norwegian Elkhound's medium size (48-55 pounds), balanced head-to-body proportions, and moderately sized puppies contribute to uncomplicated deliveries in most cases. First-time dams may benefit from experienced breeder supervision but typically manage well.

Monitor for uterine inertia: Older dams (over 6 years) or dams with very small litters (1-3 puppies) may experience weak or irregular contractions (uterine inertia). Have your veterinarian's emergency contact information readily available and know when to seek help (active labor over 2 hours without puppy, green discharge before first puppy, more than 4 hours between puppies, dam showing distress).

Dense coat and overheating: Norwegian Elkhounds have thick double coats that can contribute to overheating during the exertion of labor, especially in warm environments. Maintain whelping room temperature at 75-80°F (warm for newborns but not excessively hot for the dam). Provide fans for air circulation if needed, but avoid drafts directly on the whelping box.

Dark puppy coats lighten over time: Norwegian Elkhound puppies are born with darker coats than they will have as adults. The characteristic lighter gray color and defined harness pattern develop over the first several weeks. Do not be alarmed by dark newborns—this is normal.

Birth weights and growth expectations:

Average birth weight:

• Males: 9-11 oz (0.56-0.69 lbs)
• Females: 8-10 oz (0.50-0.63 lbs)

Puppies significantly under 8 oz at birth should be monitored closely for adequate nursing and weight gain. Puppies over 12 oz may indicate a small litter (fewer puppies = larger individuals) or a very large litter (outlier puppy).

Daily weight gain target: 5-10% of body weight daily during the first 2 weeks

Monitoring protocol:

• Weigh all puppies at birth, then daily for the first 2 weeks
• Expect weight to double by 7-10 days and triple by 3 weeks
• Any puppy failing to gain weight for 24-48 hours requires intervention (supplemental feeding, veterinary exam for cleft palate or other defects)

Practices (dewclaw removal, tail docking, ear cropping):

• Dewclaw removal: NOT recommended; Norwegian Elkhounds retain all dewclaws (front dewclaws always present; rear dewclaws occasionally present and can be removed for safety if present, but not required)
• Tail docking: NOT performed (natural full tail tightly curled is a breed hallmark)
• Ear cropping: NOT performed (natural erect prick ears)

The Norwegian Elkhound is a natural breed with no cosmetic alterations.

Neonatal care priorities:

Temperature regulation: Newborn puppies cannot regulate their own body temperature. Maintain whelping box temperature at 85-90°F for the first week, gradually reducing to 75-80°F by week 4. Use heat lamps or heating pads (covered, never direct contact) positioned so puppies can move away if too warm.

Nursing and nutrition: Puppies should nurse within the first 2 hours of life to receive colostrum (antibodies). Ensure each puppy latches and actively nurses. Weaker puppies may need to be placed on teats and monitored to ensure they get sufficient milk. If dam's milk is insufficient or delayed, use a high-quality commercial puppy milk replacer and consult your veterinarian.

Fading puppy syndrome awareness: Monitor for puppies that are lethargic, fail to nurse vigorously, feel cool to the touch, or cry persistently. Fading puppy syndrome can result from infection, congenital defects, or inadequate nutrition. Early veterinary intervention is critical.

Deworming and vaccinations: Begin deworming at 2 weeks of age, repeating at 4, 6, and 8 weeks. First puppy vaccinations (typically combination vaccine for distemper, parvo, adenovirus) at 6-8 weeks before going home.

Norwegian Elkhound dams are typically attentive, capable mothers. Providing a quiet, comfortable whelping area and monitoring for the normal progression of labor ensures healthy puppies and a positive experience for the dam.

Puppy Development Milestones

Understanding Norwegian Elkhound puppy development helps breeders provide appropriate care, socialization, and evaluation at each stage. The breed's moderate size and relatively steady growth rate make monitoring straightforward.

Growth chart data (birth through 12 weeks):

Males:

• Birth: 0.62 lbs (10 oz)
• 4 weeks: 4.5 lbs
• 8 weeks (go-home age): 11 lbs
• 12 weeks: 20.5 lbs

Females:

• Birth: 0.56 lbs (9 oz)
• 4 weeks: 4.0 lbs
• 8 weeks (go-home age): 10 lbs
• 12 weeks: 18.5 lbs

Puppies gain weight rapidly during the first 8 weeks, typically increasing their birth weight by 15-20 times before going to new homes.

Weekly milestones and care priorities:

Week 1-2 (Neonatal period):

• Eyes and ears closed; limited mobility (crawling)
• Entirely dependent on dam for warmth, nutrition, and stimulation
• Puppies should nurse vigorously and sleep peacefully in a warm pile
• Weigh daily; expect 5-10% weight gain each day
• Begin early neurological stimulation (ENS) exercises on days 3-16 if breeder uses this protocol

Week 3 (Transitional period):

• Eyes open (10-14 days); ears open (14-18 days)
• Begin to stand, walk wobbly, and interact with littermates
• First teeth begin to erupt
• Introduce shallow water dish; puppies begin to lap water
• Begin deworming (2 weeks of age)

Week 4-5 (Socialization begins):

• Weaning process begins; introduce moistened puppy food
• Increasing mobility and play behavior; littermate interaction intensifies
• Begin gentle human handling and exposure to novel stimuli (sounds, surfaces, objects)
• Start house-training foundation by providing a designated elimination area separate from sleeping/eating space

Week 6-7 (Critical socialization window):

• Fully weaned from dam (by 6-7 weeks)
• Eating solid puppy food 3-4 times daily
• Intense play, exploration, and learning; CRITICAL period for socialization
• Expose to variety of people (different ages, genders, appearances), gentle handling, car rides, various surfaces (grass, gravel, tile, carpet)
• First veterinary exam, deworming, and vaccinations (6-8 weeks)

Week 8-10 (Go-home age):

• Recommended go-home age: 8-10 weeks
• Puppies have received first vaccinations, been dewormed, had health exam, and completed basic socialization
• Temperament and structural evaluations conducted at 8 weeks for puppy placement decisions (pet vs show homes)
• Coat color pattern beginning to develop (harness mark becoming visible, dark puppy coat starting to lighten slightly)

Socialization window: 3-14 weeks is the critical period for socialization, when puppies form positive or negative associations most easily. Continue intensive socialization through 6 months to build confidence and stable temperament.

Fear periods: Norwegian Elkhound puppies typically experience a fear period around 8-11 weeks when they may suddenly become cautious or fearful of previously accepted stimuli. Avoid traumatic experiences during this time. Do not force fearful puppies; allow them to approach new things at their own pace with encouragement and positive reinforcement.

Weaning age: 6-7 weeks; by this age, puppies should be fully transitioned to solid puppy food

Go-home age: 8-10 weeks is ideal for Norwegian Elkhound puppies to transition to new homes after completing first vaccinations, health exams, and critical early socialization with the breeder

Adult size achievement: Norwegian Elkhounds reach full adult height by 12-14 months but continue to fill out and mature until 18-24 months. Females tend to mature slightly earlier than males.

Structural evaluation timing:

• 8-10 weeks: Initial puppy evaluation for show potential vs pet placement; assess head type, ear set, tail carriage (beginning to show), body proportions, movement
• 6-9 months: Adolescent evaluation as adult structure begins to emerge; assess angulation, adult head type developing, coat pattern clearer
• 18-24 months: Final evaluation for breeding decisions; adult structure complete, health testing can be completed

Because structural development continues through the second year, avoid making final breeding decisions on young dogs. A promising 8-week puppy may change significantly by maturity.

Socialization priorities for Norwegian Elkhound puppies:

The breed's independent, alert nature requires thorough socialization to develop friendly, confident adults. Expose puppies to:

• Variety of people (ages, appearances, genders)
• Other vaccinated, healthy dogs and puppies
• Novel environments (car rides, outdoor locations, different surfaces)
• Common household stimuli (vacuum, doorbell, TV, children playing)
• Gentle handling (nail trims, ear checks, mouth exams)

Well-socialized Norwegian Elkhounds are bold, friendly, and adaptable adults who retain the breed's natural watchfulness without excessive suspicion or shyness.

Breeding Economics

Breeding Norwegian Elkhounds responsibly is a significant financial investment. Understanding the full cost structure and realistic revenue expectations helps breeders plan sustainable programs and set appropriate puppy pricing.

Complete cost breakdown for a typical Norwegian Elkhound litter (7 puppies):

Pre-breeding costs (per dam):

• Health testing (CHIC requirements + PRA DNA): $625 (one-time investment before breeding)
• Show/performance titles (optional but valuable): $500-3,000+ depending on level of competition (entry fees, travel, handler fees if used)

Per-litter costs:

Stud fee: $800 average (range $500-1,200)

Progesterone testing: $200 (typically 3-5 blood tests at $40-60 each to pinpoint ovulation)

Prenatal veterinary care: $300

• Pregnancy confirmation ultrasound (day 28-30): $100-150
• Radiograph to count puppies (day 55-58): $150-200
• Additional wellness exam if needed

Whelping costs:

• Natural whelping: $200 (whelping supplies, emergency vet fund if needed for minor interventions)
• C-section (if required, 12% of litters): $2,500 (emergency surgery, overnight monitoring)

For planning purposes, use $200 for expected natural whelping but budget for the possibility of C-section.

Puppy veterinary costs (per puppy x 7): $150 per puppy = $1,050 total

• First veterinary exam and health certificate
• Deworming (3-4 treatments)
• First vaccinations (6-8 weeks)

Food and supplies: $400

• High-quality puppy food for weaning (weeks 4-10)
• Dam's increased food needs during lactation
• Whelping box supplies, bedding, cleaning supplies

Registration costs: $350

• AKC litter registration: $25 + $2 per puppy ($39 for 7 puppies)
• Individual puppy AKC registration (limited or full): $35-45 per puppy ($245-315 total)
• Microchip registration (if included): $15-25 per puppy

Total cost per litter (natural whelping): Approximately $3,925

Total cost per litter (C-section): Approximately $6,225

Revenue:

Puppy pricing:

• Pet quality (limited AKC registration, spay/neuter contract): $1,800 average
• Show quality (full AKC registration, breeding potential): $2,500+ average

For a typical litter of 7 puppies with a mix of pet and show-quality placements:

• 5 pet-quality puppies @ $1,800 each = $9,000
• 2 show-quality puppies @ $2,500 each = $5,000
• Total litter revenue: $14,000 average

Some breeders price all puppies at a single price ($1,800-2,000) regardless of show potential; others charge premium pricing for show prospects.

Net financial analysis:

Natural whelping:

• Revenue: $14,000
• Costs: $3,925
• Net profit: $10,075 (before time investment, facilities, equipment)

C-section whelping:

• Revenue: $14,000
• Costs: $6,225
• Net profit: $7,775

Is breeding Norwegian Elkhounds profitable?

On paper, a healthy naturally-whelped litter can generate $8,000-10,000 net revenue. However, this does NOT account for:

• Breeder's time: Whelping attendance (48+ hours), round-the-clock puppy care for 8-10 weeks, socialization, cleaning, puppy evaluations, buyer communications—easily 300+ hours per litter
• Facilities and equipment: Whelping box, heat lamps, puppy pens, fencing, cleaning supplies—$500-2,000 initial investment
• Marketing and advertising: Website, photos, ads—$200-500 per litter
• Failed breeding attempts: Not every breeding results in pregnancy; some dams require multiple heat cycles
• Smaller litters: A litter of 4-5 puppies significantly reduces revenue ($7,000-9,000 vs $14,000)
• Puppy retention: Keeping a show/breeding prospect puppy reduces revenue by $1,800-2,500

When time, failed breedings, retained puppies, and overhead are factored in, Norwegian Elkhound breeding typically breaks even or generates modest returns. Breeders motivated primarily by profit will be disappointed.

Most responsible breeders report breaking even or a small profit over many years, with the true reward being the preservation of a healthy, typey breed and the relationships with puppy families.

Factors that affect profitability:

• Litter size: Larger litters (8-10 puppies) increase revenue; smaller litters (4-5) may not cover costs
• Whelping complications: C-sections add $2,300 in costs and reduce profit significantly
• Puppy retention: Keeping a puppy for show/breeding reduces revenue
• Stud fee arrangements: Some breeders negotiate stud service in exchange for pick puppy rather than cash, reducing upfront costs but also reducing sellable puppies
• Repeat buyers and referrals: Established breeders with strong reputations can place puppies more easily and may command higher prices

Breeding Norwegian Elkhounds should be undertaken as a commitment to the breed's future, not as a business venture. The financial rewards are modest at best, and unexpected costs (emergency vet care, retained puppies, difficult whelping) can quickly erase any profit.

Breeder Resources

The Norwegian Elkhound community offers strong support networks, educational resources, and mentorship opportunities for breeders committed to preserving this ancient Nordic breed.

Parent club:

Norwegian Elkhound Association of America (NEAA)

• Founded: 1935
• Website: https://neaa.net/
• Mission: Promote and protect the Norwegian Elkhound; encourage responsible breeding practices; provide education on health, temperament, and breed standard; support health research
• Benefits: National specialty shows, regional specialty shows, breeder directory, health database, educational articles, mentorship opportunities, breeder code of ethics

The NEAA is the AKC-recognized parent club for the breed and the authoritative resource for breed standard interpretation, health initiatives, and breeder education.

AKC breeder programs:

AKC Breeder of Merit

• Recognition program for breeders demonstrating commitment to health testing, responsible breeding practices, and ongoing education
• Requirements include: minimum number of AKC titles on dogs bred, required health testing per CHIC, participation in AKC events
• Directory listing on AKC website helps connect breeders with puppy buyers seeking responsible breeders

AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T. Program

• Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, Tradition
• Higher-tier recognition requiring extensive health testing, titling, and breeder education
• Enhanced AKC directory listing and medallion for program participants

Both programs provide credibility and visibility for breeders committed to excellence.

Recommended books:

"The New Complete Norwegian Elkhound" by Olav Wallo

• Comprehensive breed history, standard interpretation, breeding guidance, and care information
• Written by a long-time breeder and judge; considered the definitive breed reference

"The Norwegian Elkhound: Tracking Dog Supreme" by Nina Ross

• Focus on the breed's working heritage, hunting abilities, and tracking skills
• Valuable for breeders wanting to preserve working instincts

"The Complete Norwegian Elkhound" by Helen F. Smith

• Breed history, characteristics, and care guide
• Accessible introduction for new breeders and enthusiasts

Online communities:

NEAA Facebook Group

• Active community of Norwegian Elkhound breeders, owners, and enthusiasts
• Share photos, ask questions, discuss health topics and breeding decisions
• Connect with experienced breeders for mentorship

Norwegian Elkhound Enthusiasts (Facebook)

• General-interest group for breed lovers
• Helpful for finding puppy homes and networking with owners

Reddit r/NorwegianElkhound

• Online forum for breed discussions, questions, and photo sharing
• Smaller but engaged community

Additional resources:

OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals): www.ofa.org

• Submit and search health testing results for Norwegian Elkhounds
• Access breed statistics on hip dysplasia, eye disease, thyroid, and renal function

AKC Canine Health Foundation: www.akcchf.org

• Funds research on canine health issues, including some affecting Norwegian Elkhounds
• Educational resources on health topics

Norwegian Elkhound Association of America Regional Clubs:

• Local and regional clubs across the United States host shows, training events, and social gatherings
• Excellent opportunities to network with local breeders and learn from experienced mentors

Mentorship opportunities:

New breeders are strongly encouraged to connect with experienced Norwegian Elkhound breeders for mentorship. The NEAA can help facilitate these connections. An experienced mentor can provide guidance on:

• Interpreting the breed standard and evaluating breeding stock
• Understanding pedigrees and planning breedings
• Navigating whelping and puppy care challenges
• Placing puppies in appropriate homes
• Showing and titling dogs

The Norwegian Elkhound community is generally welcoming to newcomers who demonstrate genuine commitment to the breed's welfare and future.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Norwegian Elkhounds typically have?

Norwegian Elkhounds average 7 puppies per litter, with a typical range of 6-8 puppies. Litters as small as 4 and as large as 10 occur occasionally. Litter size tends to be smaller in first-time dams and older dams (over 6 years). The breed's moderate size and balanced proportions contribute to relatively consistent litter sizes.

Do Norwegian Elkhounds need C-sections?

Norwegian Elkhounds have a 12% C-section rate, which is low compared to brachycephalic breeds (80%+) and comparable to other medium-sized natural breeds. The vast majority of Norwegian Elkhounds whelp naturally without surgical intervention. Older dams, very small litters (1-3 puppies, which can lead to uterine inertia), or individual complications may require C-sections, but planned C-sections are NOT standard for the breed. Breeders should monitor labor progression and have emergency veterinary contact information readily available.

What health tests are required for breeding Norwegian Elkhounds?

The Norwegian Elkhound CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) program requires four specific tests:

1. Hip dysplasia (OFA or PennHIP evaluation) at 24+ months
2. Eye examination (CERF/CAER by board-certified ophthalmologist) annually
3. Autoimmune thyroiditis (OFA thyroid panel) at 24+ months
4. Renal function testing (OFA kidney panel) at 24+ months

Additionally, the PRA-erd DNA test (Optigen/Wisdom Panel) is strongly recommended for all breeding stock to identify carriers of Progressive Retinal Atrophy. Total cost is approximately $625 for required tests plus $65 for PRA DNA testing.

How much does it cost to breed Norwegian Elkhounds?

Breeding a litter of Norwegian Elkhounds costs approximately $3,925 for natural whelping or $6,225 if a C-section is required. This includes health testing ($625), stud fee ($800), progesterone testing ($200), prenatal care ($300), whelping costs ($200-2,500), puppy veterinary care ($1,050 for 7 puppies), food ($400), and registration ($350). This does NOT include the breeder's time investment (300+ hours), facilities, equipment, or marketing costs. Norwegian Elkhound breeding typically breaks even or generates modest profit when all factors are considered.

At what age can you breed a Norwegian Elkhound?

Norwegian Elkhounds should NOT be bred until 24 months of age (2 years) minimum for both males and females. This allows completion of all required health clearances (hip dysplasia, thyroid, and renal function testing all require 24-month minimum age for OFA certification) and ensures full physical and mental maturity. Females should have their second or third heat cycle before breeding for better whelping success. Breeding younger than 24 months is irresponsible and prevents proper health screening.

How much do Norwegian Elkhound puppies cost?

Norwegian Elkhound puppies from health-tested, responsibly bred parents typically cost:

• Pet quality (limited AKC registration, spay/neuter contract): $1,800 average
• Show quality (full AKC registration, breeding potential): $2,500+ average

Prices vary by region, breeder reputation, show titles on parents, and puppy quality. Puppies significantly cheaper than $1,500 likely come from breeders cutting corners on health testing, socialization, or veterinary care. Premium prices ($2,500-3,500) may reflect exceptional pedigrees, extensive health testing beyond CHIC requirements, or proven producing parents.

What are the most common health problems in Norwegian Elkhounds?

The most significant health concerns in Norwegian Elkhounds are:

1. Hip dysplasia (37% in males, 22% in females)—high prevalence requires mandatory OFA screening
2. Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA-erd)—early-onset blindness (6-18 months); DNA test available
3. Fanconi syndrome—kidney tubule disorder causing glucose loss in urine, abnormal electrolytes
4. Glomerulonephropathy—inherited kidney disease causing proteinuria and eventual renal failure
5. Hypothyroidism—low prevalence (under 3%) but impacts fertility and coat quality

All breeding stock must complete comprehensive health testing including hip evaluation, annual eye exams, thyroid panel, renal function testing, and PRA DNA testing to identify and manage these conditions.

Is breeding Norwegian Elkhounds profitable?

Norwegian Elkhound breeding is rarely profitable when all costs and time investments are considered. A typical litter generates $14,000 in revenue (7 puppies at average $2,000 each) against costs of $3,925-6,225, yielding a paper profit of $7,775-10,075. However, this does NOT account for the breeder's 300+ hours of time (whelping, puppy care, socialization, buyer communications), facilities and equipment ($500-2,000), marketing costs, failed breeding attempts, smaller litters, or retained puppies. Most responsible breeders break even or generate modest returns over many years. Breeding should be undertaken as a commitment to breed preservation, not as a business venture.

How do I prevent hip dysplasia in Norwegian Elkhounds?

Hip dysplasia cannot be completely prevented due to its polygenic/multifactorial inheritance, but breeders can dramatically reduce risk:

1. Breed ONLY dogs with OFA Good or Excellent hips (or PennHIP equivalent in top 50% of breed)—never breed Fair, Borderline, or Dysplastic dogs
2. Research pedigrees: Avoid lines with high dysplasia rates in close relatives
3. Track improvement: Monitor offspring hip ratings; dogs consistently producing Good/Excellent hips are more valuable than those producing Fair/Borderline
4. Manage puppy growth: Advise puppy buyers to avoid overfeeding (rapid growth increases risk), excessive exercise on hard surfaces before 18 months, and obesity
5. Support research: Participate in health studies that identify specific genes affecting hip development

Consistent selection for superior hips over multiple generations will reduce the breed's dysplasia rate over time, similar to what breeds like the Rhodesian Ridgeback have achieved through decades of screening.

What is the difference between PRA DNA testing and eye exams?

Eye exams (CERF/CAER):

• Clinical examination by board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist
• Detects PRA AFTER retinal damage has begun (typically 6+ months of age)
• Required annually because some eye conditions are late-onset
• Necessary for CHIC certification

PRA-erd DNA test:

• Identifies genetic status (Clear, Carrier, or Affected) from birth
• Reveals carriers who may never develop clinical disease but can produce affected puppies if bred to another carrier
• Allows breeders to avoid carrier x carrier pairings that produce blind puppies
• One-time test; genetic status does not change

Both are necessary: Eye exams detect clinical disease and screen for conditions beyond PRA; DNA testing identifies carriers and allows strategic breeding decisions to eliminate affected puppies while preserving valuable genetics from carrier dogs.

Can I breed two Norwegian Elkhounds that are PRA carriers?

NO. Never breed two PRA-erd carriers together. This pairing produces:

• 25% Affected puppies (will go blind by 18 months)
• 50% Carrier puppies
• 25% Clear puppies

Breeding two carriers guarantees that approximately 1-2 puppies in a 7-puppy litter will develop early-onset blindness. This is ethically unacceptable and harms the breed.

Acceptable pairings:

• Clear x Clear = 100% Clear puppies
• Clear x Carrier = 50% Clear, 50% Carrier (NO Affected puppies)
• Clear x Affected = 100% Carrier puppies (NO Affected, but all carry one copy of mutation)

Carriers can be safely bred to Clear dogs, preserving their other valuable genetic contributions while avoiding affected offspring. Always DNA test both parents before breeding.

How do I know if my Norwegian Elkhound has kidney disease?

Norwegian Elkhounds are at risk for Fanconi syndrome and glomerulonephropathy, both of which can be detected through the OFA renal function panel (CHIC requirement). Signs of kidney disease include:

Clinical signs:

• Excessive thirst and urination (polydipsia/polyuria)
• Weight loss despite good appetite
• Weakness, lethargy
• Poor coat quality
• Vomiting, decreased appetite (advanced disease)

Diagnostic testing:

• Urine protein:creatinine ratio (detects protein loss—high in glomerulonephropathy)
• Urine specific gravity (kidney concentrating ability)
• Glucose in urine despite normal blood glucose (Fanconi syndrome hallmark)
• BUN and creatinine (kidney function markers)

All breeding Norwegian Elkhounds must complete the OFA renal panel at 24+ months. Dogs with proteinuria, abnormal kidney values, or clinical signs of kidney disease should NOT be bred. Family history of kidney disease warrants extra scrutiny and possibly repeat testing before breeding.