Breeding Old English Sheepdogs

Complete Guide for Responsible Breeders

Breeding Old English Sheepdogs requires careful attention to health testing, particularly thyroid screening, as this breed has the second-highest prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis among all AKC breeds at 23%. The iconic shaggy coat, characteristic rolling gait, and substantial size bring both charm and breeding complexity. This comprehensive guide covers reproductive challenges, required health clearances, coat genetics, whelping considerations, and the economics of breeding this declining but beloved herding breed.

Breed Overview

The Old English Sheepdog, affectionately known as the "Bobtail," originated in England's western counties during the early 19th century as a drover's dog for moving cattle and sheep to market. Despite its name, the breed is not ancient—it was developed in the 1800s. The profuse double coat protected these working dogs from harsh weather while herding livestock across the English countryside. The AKC recognized the breed in 1888, making it one of the organization's earliest recognized breeds.

The Old English Sheepdog peaked in popularity during the 1960s and 1970s, partly due to media exposure, but has since experienced declining registrations as the extensive grooming demands have deterred many potential owners. The breed currently ranks 89th in AKC popularity, with a decreasing registration trend. Despite this decline, dedicated breeders continue to preserve the breed's working heritage, sound structure, and gentle temperament.

The parent club, the Old English Sheepdog Club of America, provides extensive health resources, breeder education, and mentorship programs for those committed to responsible breeding. The breed's original purpose was herding and guarding livestock, though today most are cherished family companions valued for their adaptable, intelligent, and steady temperament.

Breed Standard Summary for Breeders

The AKC breed standard describes the Old English Sheepdog as "a strong, compact, square dog of great symmetry, profusely coated all over." For breeding decisions, structural soundness is paramount. The breed should present a bear-like, agile appearance with ample substance and balance—well-muscled with no hint of legginess.

Size specifications:

Males: 22-24 inches at the shoulder, 80-100 pounds

Females: 21-23 inches at the shoulder, 60-85 pounds

Critical structural priorities for breeding stock:

Sound, level topline is essential. A soft or flat back is a serious fault that compromises working ability. The characteristic rolling, ambling gait depends on strong, well-angulated hindquarters. Roach back or sway back are serious faults that should disqualify a dog from breeding consideration.

Head type matters significantly.

The skull should be square with a well-defined stop. Dark eyes are essential—light eyes (blue, amber, or wall eyes) are a serious fault. The muzzle should be square, not long, narrow, or snipy. Overshot or undershot jaws are serious faults affecting breeding suitability.

Coat quality over quantity.

While the Old English Sheepdog is known for its profuse coat, texture is more important than length. The coat should be harsh-textured with a dense, waterproof undercoat—not soft, silky, or cottony. A soft coat indicates poor breed type and reduced weather resistance.

Color and pigmentation requirements:

The body should be any shade of gray, grizzle, blue, or blue merle with or without white markings. The body should be predominantly gray/blue—excessive white on the body is a serious fault. Brown or fawn body color is a disqualification. Black nose, dark eye pigmentation, and dark pads are essential.

There are no disqualifications listed in the AKC standard beyond brown/fawn body color, but serious faults listed above should eliminate dogs from breeding programs.

Reproductive Profile

Old English Sheepdogs have average to moderate litter sizes with some unique reproductive considerations. The average litter size is 6 puppies, with a typical range of 3 to 9 puppies. Litters outside this range are uncommon but possible.

The C-section rate is approximately 28%, notably higher than many herding breeds like the Border Collie (12-15%) but significantly lower than brachycephalic breeds. Several factors contribute to the moderate C-section risk:

Large puppy size relative to dam.

Old English Sheepdog puppies are substantial at birth (1.0-1.6 lbs), which can create dystocia risk, particularly in first-time mothers or when size disparities exist between breeding pairs.

Risk of anasarca (water puppies).

Old English Sheepdogs have documented cases of hydrops fetalis—massively swollen fetuses that require emergency C-section. This condition is sporadic but life-threatening when it occurs.

Litter size extremes increase dystocia risk.

Both very small litters (1-2 puppies, which produce oversized individuals) and very large litters (9+ puppies) increase the likelihood of whelping complications.

Natural whelping is common when litter size is moderate (4-7 puppies) and the dam has good pelvic conformation. However, breeders should prepare for the possibility of surgical intervention, particularly with maiden bitches.

Fertility considerations:

Occasional difficulty with natural mating can occur due to size disparities between breeding pairs or coat interference. The heavy coat around the rear should be clipped before breeding to facilitate natural mating. Artificial insemination (AI) is commonly used and well-tolerated by the breed. Fresh chilled AI has good success rates. Frozen AI is suitable but may require progesterone timing and surgical AI for optimal results.

Fading puppy syndrome in the neonatal period is a documented concern in the breed, making careful monitoring of birth weights and daily weight gain essential during the first two weeks of life.

Breeding Age and Timeline

Old English Sheepdogs mature slowly, and breeding decisions should reflect the need for complete physical and health screening maturity.

Female first heat timing:

First heat typically occurs between 6-12 months, with most females experiencing their first cycle at 8-10 months. However, timing is highly variable in this breed. Some females may not cycle until 12-14 months, which is within normal range for a large breed.

Recommended first breeding age:

Females: 24 months minimum, after the second or third heat and complete health clearances. This timeline allows for full skeletal maturity and OFA hip certification at 24 months. Breeding before full health clearances is not recommended given the breed's significant hereditary health concerns.

Males: 18-24 months, though OFA hip certification requires 24 months for optimal results. Males can be used at 18 months with preliminary hip evaluations (PennHIP), but final OFA certification should be completed before extensive breeding use.

OFA minimum testing age:

24 months for hip dysplasia certification. Preliminary evaluations (PennHIP) can be performed earlier but do not substitute for final OFA certification.

Breeding timeline for a typical breeding:

1. Health testing completion (before 24 months for maiden bitches)
2. Progesterone testing begins when proestrus signs appear (200-300)
3. Breeding (natural or AI) when progesterone indicates optimal timing
4. Prenatal care including ultrasound at 28-30 days, X-ray at 55+ days
5. Whelping at approximately 63 days from ovulation
6. Puppy care through 8-10 weeks (10 weeks preferred for temperament stability)
7. Puppy placement with health records, microchips, and AKC registration

Maximum litters per female:

5 litters over the breeding career, though many ethical breeders limit to 3-4 litters to preserve the dam's health and quality of life.

Retirement age:

6-7 years or after 4-5 litters, whichever comes first. Later breeding (beyond age 7) increases health risks to the dam and is not recommended.

Required Health Testing

Old English Sheepdogs have four required health tests for CHIC (Canine Health Information Center) certification, reflecting the breed's significant hereditary disease burden. All breeding stock should complete these tests before breeding, and several additional recommended tests should be strongly considered.

CHIC required tests:

Hip Dysplasia (OFA or PennHIP) - $250 (one-time at 24+ months)

Screens for hip joint abnormalities and dysplasia. Old English Sheepdogs show higher hip dysplasia prevalence than the all-breed average in the OFA database. Both OFA and PennHIP evaluations are acceptable for CHIC, though many breeders prefer OFA for consistency. Results are graded as Excellent, Good, Fair, Borderline, Mild, Moderate, or Severe. Only dogs with Fair or better ratings should be bred.

Eye Examination by ACVO Ophthalmologist (CAER) - $75 (annual until age 5, then every 2 years)

Screens for Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), cataracts, and other heritable ocular diseases. While PRA is rare to moderate in prevalence in Old English Sheepdogs, the specific gene has not yet been identified for the breed, making clinical eye exams essential. Annual exams are required until age 5, then every two years thereafter for CHIC compliance.

Autoimmune Thyroiditis (OFA Thyroid Panel) - $120 (annual until age 5, then every 2 years)

Screens for autoimmune thyroid disease and hypothyroidism. This test is CRITICAL for Old English Sheepdogs, as the breed has a 23% prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis—the second highest among all AKC breeds. Clinical signs include weight gain, lethargy, hair loss, dry coat, and behavioral changes, typically appearing at 4-10 years of age. Breeding dogs with thyroid disease perpetuates this serious health problem.

Exercise-Induced Collapse (EIC) DNA Test - $75 (one-time)

Screens for the autosomal recessive EIC mutation. Affected dogs (homozygous for the mutation) experience hind limb weakness and collapse after 5-20 minutes of intense exercise, with recovery within 30 minutes. The exact prevalence in Old English Sheepdogs is unknown, but the test was added to CHIC requirements in 2016, indicating the parent club recognized it as a significant concern. Carriers (heterozygous) can be bred but should not be bred to other carriers.

Total CHIC-required testing cost per dog: Approximately $520 for initial testing, with annual recurring costs of approximately $195 (eye exam + thyroid panel) until age 5.

Additional recommended tests (not required for CHIC):

Cardiac Evaluation by Board-Certified Cardiologist - $150

Screens for congenital heart defects. While not a CHIC requirement, cardiac evaluation provides peace of mind and helps eliminate heritable heart conditions from breeding programs.

BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) Test - $85

Screens for congenital deafness (unilateral or bilateral). Old English Sheepdogs have low-to-moderate prevalence of deafness associated with white coat pigmentation and merle patterns. Unilaterally deaf dogs should not be bred. This test is strongly recommended for breeding stock, particularly dogs with extensive white markings or merle coloring.

MDR1 (Multi-Drug Resistance) DNA Test - $70

Screens for multi-drug sensitivity mutation affecting 7.3% of Old English Sheepdogs in the U.S. (2.5-21.2% worldwide). Dogs with the MDR1 mutation (ABCB1 gene) have severe adverse reactions to ivermectin, loperamide, and other common drugs, potentially resulting in neurological signs, coma, or death. This is an autosomal incomplete dominant mutation—even heterozygous carriers may show sensitivity. Knowing a dog's MDR1 status is critical for safe anesthetic protocols during breeding and whelping.

Cerebellar Degeneration DNA Test (NC State) - $65

Screens for cerebellar abiotrophy/ataxia caused by the autosomal recessive RAB24 gene mutation. Affected dogs (homozygous for the mutation) develop progressive ataxia, intention tremors, loss of balance, and wide-based stance starting at 1-5 years of age—later onset than most breeds with cerebellar disease. The condition has 100% penetrance if homozygous. Carriers should not be bred to other carriers.

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) DNA Test - $65

Screens for a ciliary function disorder. While rare in Old English Sheepdogs, this test is available and may be considered for breeding programs with a family history of respiratory issues.

Total estimated cost for comprehensive health testing: $1,030 per dog (CHIC required + all recommended tests).

Hereditary Health Conditions

Old English Sheepdogs have a significant hereditary disease burden that responsible breeders must understand and screen for. The breed's most pressing health concerns include autoimmune thyroiditis, hip dysplasia, bloat, and several neurological conditions with available DNA tests.

Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hypothyroidism) - 23% prevalence, polygenic/autoimmune-mediated, no DNA test

This is the most critical health concern in Old English Sheepdogs. At 23% prevalence, the breed has the second-highest rate of autoimmune thyroiditis among all AKC breeds. The condition is autoimmune-mediated and polygenic, meaning multiple genes contribute to risk. Clinical signs include weight gain, lethargy, hair loss, dry coat, cold intolerance, and behavioral changes. Typical age of onset is 4-10 years (average 6-7 years). Because no DNA test exists, annual OFA thyroid panels are essential to identify affected dogs before breeding. Breeding dogs with thyroid disease directly contributes to the high breed prevalence.

Hip Dysplasia - 18% moderate-to-common prevalence, polygenic/multifactorial, no DNA test

Old English Sheepdogs show higher hip dysplasia prevalence than the all-breed average in the OFA database. This polygenic, multifactorial condition causes hip joint abnormalities leading to lameness, reluctance to rise or climb stairs, bunny-hopping gait, pain on hip extension, and hindquarter muscle atrophy. Clinical signs may appear as early as 4 months or not until several years of age. Only dogs with OFA ratings of Fair or better should be bred. Similar to issues seen across large herding breeds like the German Shepherd Dog, hip health is a critical breeding consideration.

Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (Bloat/GDV) - 15-20% lifetime risk, polygenic with environmental factors, no DNA test

As a large, deep-chested breed, Old English Sheepdogs have an approximately 20% lifetime risk of bloat, particularly dogs over 100 pounds. GDV is a life-threatening emergency characterized by distended abdomen, restlessness, drooling, unproductive vomiting, rapid breathing, and shock. Onset is typically in middle-aged to older adults (4+ years) but can occur at any age. While bloat has a genetic component, environmental factors (rapid eating, exercise after meals, stress) also play a role. Prophylactic gastropexy may be considered for breeding dogs at high risk.

Cerebellar Abiotrophy (Cerebellar Degeneration) - 5% prevalence, autosomal recessive (RAB24 gene), DNA test available

This neurological condition causes progressive ataxia, intention tremors, loss of balance, wide-based stance, and hypermetria (overshooting movements). The condition is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation in the RAB24 gene with 100% penetrance in homozygous-affected dogs. Age of onset is 1-5 years, later than most breeds with cerebellar disease. DNA testing is available through NC State College of Veterinary Medicine. Clear dogs (N/N) can be bred to any dog. Carriers (N/RAB24) should only be bred to clear dogs. Affected dogs (RAB24/RAB24) should not be bred.

Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR1) - 7.3% prevalence in U.S., autosomal incomplete dominant (ABCB1 gene), DNA test available

The MDR1 mutation causes severe adverse reactions to ivermectin, loperamide, and other common drugs. Even heterozygous carriers may show drug sensitivity, though homozygous-affected dogs have the most severe reactions. Neurological signs, coma, and death can occur with exposure to contraindicated medications. Prevalence ranges from 2.5% to 21.2% worldwide depending on bloodlines. DNA testing is critical for safe anesthetic protocols during breeding and whelping. Affected dogs and carriers should be bred cautiously with full awareness of drug sensitivities in offspring.

Congenital Deafness - 4% prevalence, linked to pigmentation genes, no DNA test

Unilateral or bilateral hearing loss present from birth is associated with white coat pigmentation and merle patterns. Puppies may not respond to sound. Cochlear nerve atrophy occurs in the first few weeks of life. The exact inheritance mode is unknown but is linked to pigmentation genes. BAER testing is the only way to identify deaf dogs. Unilaterally deaf dogs should not be bred, as deafness significantly impacts quality of life and working ability.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) - 3% prevalence, presumed autosomal recessive, no DNA test

PRA causes progressive vision loss starting with night blindness and advancing to complete blindness. Clinical signs include dilated pupils and reflective retinas. Age of onset is variable (3-9 years). The specific gene causing PRA in Old English Sheepdogs has not yet been identified, so no DNA test is available. Annual CAER eye exams by an ACVO ophthalmologist are essential to identify affected dogs before breeding.

Exercise-Induced Collapse (EIC) - 2% prevalence, autosomal recessive, DNA test available

Affected dogs experience hind limb weakness and collapse after 5-20 minutes of intense exercise, with recovery within 30 minutes. Dogs show no signs at rest. Age of onset is typically 5 months to 3 years. This is an autosomal recessive condition—only homozygous-affected dogs show clinical signs. Carriers can be bred but should not be bred to other carriers. The DNA test for EIC is a CHIC requirement as of 2016.

Color and Coat Genetics

Old English Sheepdog color genetics are moderately complex, involving dilution genes, progressive graying, and merle patterning. Understanding these genetics helps breeders make informed color-related breeding decisions and avoid health-linked color issues.

AKC accepted colors:

Any shade of gray, grizzle, blue, or blue merle with or without white markings. The typical pattern is a predominantly gray/blue body with white markings on the head, neck, forequarters, and underbody. The reverse pattern (white with gray/blue markings) is also acceptable.

Disqualifying colors:

Brown or fawn body color disqualifies a dog from conformation showing and should exclude the dog from breeding consideration.

Relevant genetic loci:

A (Agouti) locus: Likely aw/aw (wild-type agouti), though the exact alleles in Old English Sheepdogs are not fully documented.

B (Brown) locus: B/B (non-brown) is required. Dogs with b/b genotype would have brown/chocolate coloring, which is a disqualification. All breeding stock should be B/B or B/b, though B/B is preferred to avoid producing brown puppies.

D (Dilution) locus: d/d (blue dilution) is responsible for the characteristic gray/blue body color. All Old English Sheepdogs are d/d. This dilution turns black to blue/gray. In other breeds, d/d genotype is associated with Color Dilution Alopecia (CDA), but this has not been widely reported in Old English Sheepdogs, likely due to the breed's harsh coat texture.

E (Extension) locus: E or e—both are present in the breed. The interaction with other loci determines final coat color expression.

M (Merle) locus: M/m (merle) or m/m (non-merle). Blue merle is an accepted color pattern in Old English Sheepdogs. However, merle-to-merle breedings are strongly discouraged due to the risk of producing double merle (M/M) puppies with increased risk of congenital deafness and vision problems.

S (Spotting) locus: sp/sp or sw/sw (piebald or extreme white spotting) is responsible for the extensive white markings characteristic of the breed. However, excessive white on the body (body should be predominantly gray/blue) is a serious fault. Breeding for extreme white spotting increases the risk of congenital deafness due to lack of melanocytes in the inner ear.

G (Progressive Graying) locus: Likely present in the breed. Old English Sheepdog puppies are typically born black or dark gray and progressively fade to lighter gray as they mature. This graying process continues through the first 2-3 years of life. The genetics of progressive graying are not fully understood but appear to be dominant.

Health-linked color concerns:

Double merle (M/M):

Never breed merle to merle. Double merle puppies have increased risk of congenital deafness, microphtalmia (small eyes), and other vision problems. Ethical breeders avoid merle-to-merle pairings entirely.

Excessive white (unpigmented skin in ear canal):

Dogs with excessive white on the body or head, particularly unpigmented skin in the ear canal, have increased risk of congenital deafness. The lack of melanocytes in the inner ear causes cochlear nerve degeneration. BAER testing is recommended for heavily white-marked breeding stock.

Color breeding strategies:

Most breeders focus on non-merle (gray/blue) to non-merle pairings to avoid double merle risk. Merle to non-merle breedings are acceptable and produce approximately 50% merle and 50% non-merle puppies. All breeding stock should be BAER tested if they carry merle or have extensive white markings.

Brown/fawn coloring should be avoided entirely, as it is a disqualification and indicates incorrect breed type.

Selecting Breeding Stock

Selecting Old English Sheepdog breeding stock requires balancing conformation, health clearances, temperament, and genetic diversity. The breed's declining popularity makes thoughtful breeding decisions critical for long-term breed health.

Conformation priorities:

Sound, balanced structure with a level topline.

This is the single most important structural criterion. A soft, flat, roach, or sway back compromises working ability and should eliminate a dog from breeding consideration. The topline should remain level in motion.

Correct head type with square skull, dark eyes, and well-defined stop.

Light eyes, narrow heads, or snipy muzzles indicate poor breed type and should be selected against. The expression should be intelligent and gentle.

Profuse, harsh-textured double coat.

Coat texture is more important than length. Soft, silky, or cottony coats indicate poor weather resistance and incorrect breed type. The coat should be harsh and shaggy with a dense, waterproof undercoat.

Correct blue/gray body color with white markings.

The body should be predominantly gray/blue. Excessive white on the body or brown/fawn coloring should eliminate a dog from breeding. Correct pigmentation (dark eyes, black nose, dark pads) is essential.

Strong, well-angulated hindquarters.

The characteristic rolling, ambling gait depends on correct hindquarter angulation and strong rear drive. Weak or straight hindquarters compromise gait and should be avoided.

Moderate size within standard.

Avoid oversized dogs, which increase whelping complications and health risks. Males should be 22-24 inches, 80-100 pounds. Females should be 21-23 inches, 60-85 pounds. Significantly exceeding the standard is a fault.

Common faults to select against:

Light eyes (blue, amber, wall eyes), soft or silky coat texture, roach or sway back, narrow or snipy head, excessive white on body, brown or fawn coloring, oversize (significantly exceeding standard), and lack of substance or bone.

Temperament evaluation:

Old English Sheepdogs should be adaptable, intelligent, and steady. Avoid fearfulness, excessive shyness, or aggression. The breed should be social, trainable, and confident. Test for sound sensitivity and environmental resilience. Good-natured, non-aggressive temperament is essential, particularly for family companions. If working homes are planned, observe behavior around livestock to assess herding instinct and stock sense.

Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI) targets:

The average COI for Old English Sheepdogs is 8.5%, which is moderately high. Responsible breeders should target a COI under 5.0% to maintain genetic diversity and reduce the risk of hereditary disease expression. Use pedigree analysis tools to calculate COI for planned breedings and avoid close linebreeding when possible.

Stud selection criteria:

Stud dogs should have all required health clearances (CHIC certification), excellent temperament, correct breed type, and complementary conformation to the bitch. Stud fees range from 800 to 2,000, with the average around 1,200. Proven studs with champion titles and CHIC certification command higher fees. Consider frozen semen from exceptional studs to increase genetic diversity and access superior bloodlines.

Show quality vs. pet quality:

Show-quality dogs meet the breed standard closely and have the potential for conformation success. Breeding-quality dogs must have excellent health clearances, temperament, and conformation but may have minor cosmetic faults that do not impact health or function. Pet-quality dogs should not be bred, regardless of health clearances, if they have serious structural faults or disqualifying colors.

Whelping and Neonatal Care

Old English Sheepdogs have a moderate C-section rate of approximately 28%, requiring breeders to prepare for both natural whelping and surgical intervention. Understanding breed-specific complications and neonatal care requirements is essential for puppy survival.

Natural whelping vs. C-section:

Most Old English Sheepdogs whelp naturally when litter size is moderate (4-7 puppies) and the dam has good pelvic conformation. However, the 28% C-section rate reflects several breed-specific risk factors:

Large puppy size relative to dam:

Birth weights of 1.0-1.6 pounds create dystocia risk, particularly for first-time mothers.

Risk of anasarca (water puppies):

Hydrops fetalis—massively swollen fetuses—is a documented concern in Old English Sheepdogs. This condition requires emergency C-section and is often fatal for affected puppies.

Litter size extremes:

Very small litters (1-2 puppies) produce oversized individuals prone to dystocia. Very large litters (9+ puppies) can cause uterine inertia.

Heavy coat interference:

The profuse coat should be clipped around the vulva, rear, and ventral areas before whelping to facilitate delivery and allow puppies to nurse. Failure to clip the coat can interfere with whelping and puppy access to teats.

Breed-specific whelping preparations:

Have the veterinarian's emergency contact information readily available. Prepare a whelping box in a quiet, temperature-controlled area (75-80°F for the first week). Have calcium supplements, clean towels, iodine for cord care, bulb syringe for clearing airways, and a scale for daily puppy weights.

Expected birth weights:

Males: 1.2-1.6 pounds

Females: 1.0-1.4 pounds

Puppies significantly below 1.0 pound or above 1.8 pounds should be monitored closely for developmental issues.

Daily weight gain targets:

Puppies should gain 5-10% of birth weight daily during the first two weeks. For a 1.4-pound male puppy, this means gaining 1-2 ounces per day. Weigh puppies daily at the same time and track weight gain. Puppies who fail to gain weight or lose weight are at risk for fading puppy syndrome and require immediate intervention (supplemental feeding, veterinary evaluation).

Fading puppy syndrome:

Old English Sheepdogs have documented cases of fading puppy syndrome in the neonatal period. Risk factors include low birth weight, inadequate colostrum intake, hypothermia, and congenital defects. Monitor puppies closely during the first two weeks. Warning signs include constant crying, failure to nurse, low body temperature, lethargy, and failure to gain weight. Immediate veterinary intervention is critical for faders.

Neonatal monitoring:

Weigh puppies daily and record weights. Observe nursing behavior—all puppies should nurse vigorously within 2 hours of birth. Monitor for adequate milk intake (full bellies, contentment between feedings). Maintain whelping box temperature at 75-80°F for the first week, gradually reducing to 70-75°F by week three. Watch for signs of distress: constant crying, straying from the litter, cool to the touch, failure to gain weight.

Dewclaw, tail, and ear practices:

Old English Sheepdogs do not have dewclaws removed, tails docked, or ears cropped. The breed's "bobtail" nickname is historical—many dogs were naturally born with short or absent tails (Natural Bobtail gene), though this is not universal. Modern breeding does not select for natural bobtail, and most puppies are born with full tails, which remain intact.

Puppy Development Milestones

Old English Sheepdog puppies grow rapidly during the first 12 weeks, with significant differences between male and female growth rates. Understanding developmental milestones helps breeders provide appropriate socialization, nutrition, and structural evaluation.

Birth to 2 weeks (neonatal period):

Puppies are born with eyes and ears closed, relying entirely on the dam. Males average 1.4 pounds at birth; females average 1.2 pounds. Puppies should double their birth weight by 7-10 days. Daily weight gain should be 5-10% of birth weight (1-2 ounces per day for average-sized puppies). The primary activities are nursing and sleeping. Puppies cannot regulate body temperature and depend on the dam and supplemental heat. Monitor for fading puppy syndrome closely during this critical period.

Weeks 2-3 (transitional period):

Eyes open at 10-14 days; ears open at 13-17 days. Puppies begin to hear, see, and interact with their environment. Males average 4.5 pounds at 2 weeks; females average 3.8 pounds. Puppies start to stand and walk unsteadily. Begin early neurological stimulation (ENS) exercises during this period to support brain development. Early handling and mild stressors promote resilience.

Weeks 3-4 (awareness period):

Puppies become increasingly mobile and curious. Males reach approximately 9 pounds at 4 weeks; females reach 7.5 pounds. Weaning begins around 3.5-4 weeks with introduction of moistened puppy food. Puppies start to play with littermates, establishing early social behaviors. First deworming is typically administered at 3-4 weeks.

Weeks 4-8 (socialization period):

This is the CRITICAL SOCIALIZATION WINDOW (3-14 weeks). Puppies are highly receptive to new experiences, and positive exposures during this period shape lifelong behavior. Males reach 23 pounds at 8 weeks; females reach 19.5 pounds.

Week 5-6:

Introduce varied surfaces (grass, tile, carpet, gravel), sounds (vacuum, doorbell, TV, music), and gentle handling by multiple people. Puppies should meet children, adults, and other vaccinated dogs in controlled settings.

Week 6-7:

Continue socialization with new environments, car rides, crate training, and novel objects. Puppies should experience grooming (brushing, nail trims, ear cleaning) to prepare for the breed's intensive grooming requirements.

Week 8-10 (go-home age):

Most Old English Sheepdog breeders prefer placing puppies at 10 weeks for better temperament stability and advanced socialization, though 8 weeks is acceptable. At 8 weeks, males average 23 pounds; females average 19.5 pounds. First DHPP vaccine and health exam should be completed before placement. Puppies should be microchipped and have AKC registration paperwork.

Weeks 8-12 (first fear period):

A fear period may occur around 8-10 weeks. Avoid traumatic experiences during this time. Continue positive socialization without overwhelming the puppy.

Structural evaluation timing:

Initial structural evaluation at 8 weeks identifies obvious conformation strengths and faults. However, Old English Sheepdogs go through significant growth phases, and early evaluations are not definitive. Re-evaluate at 6-9 months for more accurate assessment of structure, coat quality, and conformation potential. Show-quality prospects should be evaluated again at 12-18 months as the dog approaches adult structure.

Weaning:

Gradual weaning begins at 3.5-4 weeks with introduction of moistened puppy food. Puppies should be fully weaned by 6-7 weeks, though they may continue comfort nursing if allowed. Gradual weaning reduces stress on the dam and puppies.

Adult size achievement:

Old English Sheepdogs reach full structural maturity at 18-24 months. However, coat continues maturing through 3 years of age, becoming progressively grayer and more profuse. Males may continue to add substance and muscle through 2-3 years.

Socialization window:

The critical socialization window is 3-14 weeks but should continue through 6 months. Adolescent dogs benefit from continued exposure to new environments, people, and dogs. Enroll puppies in puppy socialization classes and basic obedience training to support behavioral development.

Breeding Economics

Breeding Old English Sheepdogs is a significant financial investment with moderate returns. The high health testing costs, moderate C-section rate, and intensive puppy care make this a breed where careful economic planning is essential.

Complete cost breakdown for an average litter (6 puppies, natural whelping):

Health testing (both parents): $2,060

This includes all CHIC-required tests plus recommended tests for both the dam and stud dog (or half this cost if only testing the dam, assuming the stud dog is fully health tested). The dam's breeder must complete Hip OFA ($250), annual Eye CAER ($75), annual Thyroid OFA ($120), and EIC DNA ($75) for CHIC. Adding recommended tests (Cardiac $150, BAER $85, MDR1 $70, Cerebellar Degeneration $65) brings the total to approximately $1,030 per dog. For both parents: $2,060.

Stud fee: $1,200

Average stud fee for a CHIC-certified male with champion title. Fees range from $800 (pet-quality stud) to $2,000+ (top-producing champion).

Progesterone testing: $300

Multiple progesterone tests ($50-75 each) to time breeding accurately. Essential for AI breedings and recommended for natural breedings to maximize conception rates.

Prenatal veterinary care: $500

Includes progesterone testing, ultrasound confirmation of pregnancy at 28-30 days ($75-150), X-ray for puppy count at 55+ days ($100-200), and routine prenatal exams.

Whelping costs (natural): $300

Includes whelping supplies (whelping box, heating pad, thermometer, scales, clean towels, puppy formula, etc.) and on-call veterinary support. Does NOT include emergency C-section.

Whelping costs (C-section): $2,200

Emergency or planned C-section, including surgery, anesthesia, hospitalization, and post-operative care. Given the breed's 28% C-section rate, breeders should budget for this possibility. Weighted average whelping cost (72% natural at $300 + 28% C-section at $2,200) = approximately $1,000.

Puppy veterinary costs: $900

$150 per puppy for 6 puppies. Includes first DHPP vaccine, deworming (multiple rounds), fecal exam, microchip, and health certification. Optional puppy health guarantees or genetic testing add to this cost.

Food and supplies: $800

Premium puppy food for weaning (starting at 3.5 weeks through placement at 8-10 weeks), increased food for the lactating dam, puppy supplies (toys, bedding, cleaning supplies), and grooming supplies. Old English Sheepdog dams require high-quality, high-calorie food during lactation to support milk production for large puppies.

AKC registration: $420

Litter registration ($25-35) plus individual puppy registrations ($30-35 each for 6 puppies). Optional: AKC Reunite microchip enrollment, prepaid registrations for buyers.

Marketing and miscellaneous: $200-500 (not included in base calculation)

Website updates, professional photos, advertising, puppy packets (health records, care guides, food samples, toys), and breeder support. Many breeders absorb these costs as part of their breeding program.

Total costs (natural whelping): $6,880

Total costs (C-section): $8,780

Average weighted cost (accounting for 28% C-section rate): $7,410

Revenue:

Average puppy price (pet quality): $1,800

Average puppy price (show quality): $3,500

Average litter revenue (6 puppies, mixed pet/show): $10,800

This assumes 4-5 pet-quality puppies at $1,800 each and 1-2 show-quality puppies at $3,000-3,500 each. Actual revenue varies based on breeder reputation, location, bloodlines, and puppy quality.

Net profit/loss per litter:

Natural whelping: $10,800 revenue - $6,880 costs = $3,920 profit

C-section: $10,800 revenue - $8,780 costs = $2,020 profit

Weighted average (28% C-section rate): $10,800 revenue - $7,410 costs = $3,390 profit

Economic realities:

Breeding Old English Sheepdogs is NOT a highly profitable venture when all costs are accounted for. The weighted average profit of $3,390 per litter does not account for:

The breeder's time (prenatal care, whelping attendance, round-the-clock puppy care for 8-10 weeks, socialization, grooming, buyer screening, post-placement support)—easily 300+ hours per litter

Facility costs (whelping area, puppy area, heating, utilities, cleaning)

Loss of income if the dam requires extended recovery from C-section

Show expenses and titles to establish breeding stock reputation

Emergency veterinary costs beyond planned expenses

The declining popularity of Old English Sheepdogs means smaller buyer pools and potential difficulty placing puppies. Breeders must be prepared to keep puppies longer than 8-10 weeks if appropriate homes are not immediately found, increasing food and care costs.

Is breeding Old English Sheepdogs profitable?

Responsible breeding of Old English Sheepdogs can provide a modest return if natural whelping occurs and all puppies are placed at target prices. However, the financial return is small compared to the time investment, and a single C-section can reduce profit significantly. Breeders should breed for love of the breed and commitment to preservation, not for profit.

Breeder Resources

The Old English Sheepdog Club of America (OESCA) is the primary resource for breeders, offering extensive health information, breeder education, mentorship programs, and breed preservation initiatives.

Parent club:

Old English Sheepdog Club of America (OESCA)

The OESCA website includes comprehensive health registries, CHIC requirements, breeder referrals, educational articles, and annual national specialty information. The club hosts regional specialties, supported entries, and educational seminars for breeders and exhibitors.

Regional clubs:

The OESCA has affiliated regional clubs across the United States offering local shows, training days, and breeder networking. Contact the parent club for a list of regional affiliates in your area.

AKC breeder programs:

AKC Breeder of Merit:

Recognizes dedicated breeders who health test, title dogs, and uphold AKC standards. Requirements include CHIC certification for all breeding stock, producing at least four dogs with AKC titles, and being an AKC club member.

AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T. (Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, Tradition):

Program emphasizing health testing, continuing education, and ethical breeding practices. Requires CHIC health testing and completion of breeder education courses.

Recommended books:

The Old English Sheepdog by Ann Arch (breed-specific comprehensive guide covering history, breeding, health, grooming, and showing)

The Complete Old English Sheepdog by Constance O. Miller and Patricia McLaughlin (in-depth breed reference)

Book of the Breed: Old English Sheepdog by Audrey Stainer (historical breed overview and breeding guidance)

Online communities:

Old English Sheepdog Club of America (OESCA) online forums:

Hosted by the parent club, these forums connect breeders, owners, and enthusiasts for breed-specific discussions, health updates, and mentorship.

OES.org community forums:

Independent Old English Sheepdog community with active discussions on grooming, health, training, and breeding.

Facebook groups:

Several breed-specific Old English Sheepdog groups provide community support, though quality varies. Verify advice from reputable breeders and health professionals.

Mentorship:

New breeders are strongly encouraged to seek mentorship from established OESCA members. The parent club can connect prospective breeders with mentors willing to share knowledge, provide co-ownership opportunities, and guide health testing and breeding decisions. Given the breed's significant health challenges and declining popularity, mentorship is invaluable for navigating responsible breeding.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many puppies do Old English Sheepdogs typically have?

Old English Sheepdogs have an average litter size of 6 puppies, with a typical range of 3 to 9 puppies. The most common litter sizes are 5-7 puppies (representing approximately 62% of litters). Litters of 3-4 puppies account for about 20% of litters, while large litters of 8-9 puppies occur in roughly 18% of breedings. Very small litters (1-2 puppies) and very large litters (10+ puppies) are uncommon.

Do Old English Sheepdogs need C-sections?

Old English Sheepdogs have a 28% C-section rate, which is moderately elevated compared to many herding breeds. Several factors contribute to this rate: large puppy size relative to the dam (birth weights of 1.0-1.6 pounds), risk of anasarca (water puppies requiring emergency surgery), and dystocia associated with very small or very large litters. Most Old English Sheepdogs whelp naturally when litter size is moderate (4-7 puppies), but breeders should be prepared financially and logistically for the possibility of surgical intervention. First-time mothers and bitches with small or very large litters have higher C-section risk.

What health tests are required for breeding Old English Sheepdogs?

Old English Sheepdogs require four health tests for CHIC certification: Hip Dysplasia (OFA or PennHIP) at 24+ months ($250), Eye Examination by an ACVO ophthalmologist (CAER) annually until age 5 then every 2 years ($75), Autoimmune Thyroiditis (OFA Thyroid Panel) annually until age 5 then every 2 years ($120), and Exercise-Induced Collapse DNA test (one-time, $75). Total CHIC-required testing is approximately $520 initially with $195 annual recurring costs until age 5. Strongly recommended additional tests include Cardiac Evaluation ($150), BAER hearing test ($85), MDR1 DNA test ($70), and Cerebellar Degeneration DNA test ($65). Comprehensive testing totals approximately $1,030 per dog.

How much does it cost to breed Old English Sheepdogs?

The total cost to breed an Old English Sheepdog litter averages $7,410 when accounting for the 28% C-section rate. This includes health testing for both parents ($2,060), stud fee ($1,200), progesterone testing ($300), prenatal care ($500), whelping costs (weighted average of natural and C-section: $1,000), puppy veterinary care for 6 puppies ($900), food and supplies ($800), and AKC registration ($420). Natural whelping costs approximately $6,880, while an emergency C-section increases costs to $8,780. These figures do not include the breeder's time (300+ hours per litter), facility costs, or marketing expenses.

At what age can you breed an Old English Sheepdog?

Females should not be bred before 24 months of age, after their second or third heat and completion of all health clearances. This timeline allows for full skeletal maturity and OFA hip certification at 24 months. Males can be used for breeding at 18-24 months, though OFA hip certification requires 24 months for final evaluation. Preliminary health testing (PennHIP, eye exams, thyroid panels, DNA tests) can be completed earlier, but breeding should wait until all clearances are finalized. Female first heat typically occurs at 8-10 months (range 6-12 months), but breeding at first heat is strongly discouraged due to physical immaturity and incomplete health screening.

How much do Old English Sheepdog puppies cost?

Old English Sheepdog puppies from health-tested parents typically cost $1,800 for pet-quality puppies (with spay/neuter contracts) and $3,000-3,500 for show-quality puppies with full AKC registration. Prices vary based on breeder reputation, location, bloodlines, and titles. Puppies from champion-titled parents with extensive health testing command higher prices. Puppies without health testing or from backyard breeders may be offered at lower prices ($800-1,200) but carry significantly higher health risks. The average price for a well-bred Old English Sheepdog puppy is approximately $2,000-2,500.

What are the most common health problems in Old English Sheepdogs?

The most common hereditary health problems in Old English Sheepdogs are Autoimmune Thyroiditis (23% prevalence—second highest among all breeds), Hip Dysplasia (18% prevalence, higher than all-breed average), Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus/Bloat (15-20% lifetime risk), MDR1 Multi-Drug Sensitivity (7.3% prevalence), Cerebellar Abiotrophy (5% prevalence), Congenital Deafness (4% prevalence, linked to white coat pigmentation), Progressive Retinal Atrophy (3% prevalence), and Exercise-Induced Collapse (2% prevalence). The breed's high prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis makes annual thyroid screening essential for all breeding stock.

Is breeding Old English Sheepdogs profitable?

Breeding Old English Sheepdogs responsibly generates modest profit when all costs are included. The weighted average profit is approximately $3,390 per litter (accounting for the 28% C-section rate), but this does not include the breeder's time (300+ hours per litter), facility costs, show expenses, or emergency veterinary costs. Natural whelping yields approximately $3,920 profit, while a C-section reduces profit to $2,020. The declining popularity of the breed means smaller buyer pools and potential difficulty placing puppies, which can increase holding costs. Breeders should breed for love of the breed and commitment to preservation, not for financial gain. Responsible breeding is a labor of love with small financial returns.

How long does it take for an Old English Sheepdog coat to fully develop?

Old English Sheepdog puppies are born with dark coats (black or dark gray) that progressively lighten over the first 2-3 years due to the progressive graying gene. The coat continues maturing through 3 years of age, becoming lighter in color, more profuse, and developing the characteristic harsh texture. Full coat maturity is not achieved until 2.5-3 years. Structural maturity is reached at 18-24 months, but coat quality cannot be definitively evaluated until the dog approaches 3 years of age. This delayed coat maturation makes it challenging to evaluate show potential in young puppies, requiring re-evaluation at 6-9 months and again at 18-24 months.

Can you breed merle Old English Sheepdogs?

Blue merle is an accepted color pattern in Old English Sheepdogs and can be bred responsibly. However, merle-to-merle breedings should NEVER be performed due to the risk of producing double merle (M/M) puppies with increased incidence of congenital deafness, microphtalmia (small eyes), and other vision problems. Ethical breeders only breed merle dogs to non-merle dogs, producing approximately 50% merle and 50% non-merle puppies. All merle breeding stock should undergo BAER hearing testing to ensure they are not unilaterally or bilaterally deaf, as deafness can occur even in single-merle dogs with extensive white markings. Merle genetics should be thoroughly understood before breeding merle dogs.

What is the MDR1 mutation and why does it matter for Old English Sheepdog breeding?

The MDR1 (Multi-Drug Resistance) mutation is an autosomal incomplete dominant genetic condition affecting 7.3% of Old English Sheepdogs in the U.S. (2.5-21.2% worldwide). Dogs with the MDR1 mutation (in the ABCB1 gene) have severe adverse reactions to common drugs including ivermectin, loperamide, and certain anesthetics. Reactions can include neurological signs, coma, and death. Even heterozygous carriers may show drug sensitivity. Knowing a dog's MDR1 status is critical for safe anesthetic protocols during breeding (C-sections) and whelping. DNA testing costs $70 and is strongly recommended for all breeding stock. Affected dogs and carriers can be bred but require lifelong medication precautions, and offspring should be tested before any drug administration.

What is the target COI for Old English Sheepdog breedings?

The average Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI) for Old English Sheepdogs is 8.5%, which is moderately high. Responsible breeders should target a COI under 5.0% to maintain genetic diversity and reduce the risk of hereditary disease expression. Lower COI breedings (3-4%) are ideal when possible without compromising health, temperament, and conformation. Use pedigree analysis tools to calculate COI for planned breedings and avoid close linebreeding. The breed's declining population makes genetic diversity particularly important for long-term breed health. Breeders should prioritize outcrossing to unrelated lines when compatible dogs are available.